Histories of forced sex and health outcomes among Southern African lesbian and bisexual women: a cross-sectional study

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Theo Sandfort (1)
  M Somjen Frazer (2) (6)
  Zethu Matebeni (3)
  Vasu Reddy (4)
  Ian Southey-Swartz (5)
  Southern African Lesbian and Bisexual Women Research Team
  
  1. HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies ; New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University ; New York ; NY ; USA
  2. Department of Sociomedical Sciences ; Mailman School of Public Health ; Columbia University ; New York ; NY ; USA
  6. Division of Gender Sexuality and Health ; Columbia University ; 1051 Riverside Drive ; Unit 15 ; New York ; NY ; 10032 ; USA
  3. Institute for Humanities in Africa ; HUMA ; University of Cape Town ; Rondebosch ; South Africa
  4. Human Sciences Research Council ; Human and Social Development Programme ; Pretoria ; South Africa and University of KwaZulu-Natal ; Durban ; South Africa
  5. Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa ; Johannesburg ; South Africa
  
• 关键词：Lesbian and bisexual women ; Forced sex ; Mental health ; Southern Africa
• 刊名：BMC Women's Health
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：December 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：15
• 期：1
• 全文大小：390 KB
• 参考文献：1. Andersson, N, Ho-Foster, A, Matthis, J, Marokoane, N, Mashiane, V, Mhatre, S (2004) National cross sectional study of views on sexual violence and risk of HIV infection and AIDS among South African school pupils. BMJ 329: pp. 952 54.7C" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  2. Jewkes, R, Abrahams, N (2002) The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa: an overview. Soc Sci Med 55: pp. 1231-44 536(01)00242-8" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  3. Brown, DW, Riley, L, Butchart, A, Meddings, DR, Kann, L, Harvey, AP (2009) Exposure to physical and sexual violence and adverse health behaviours in African children: results from the Global School-based Student Health Survey. Bull World Health Organ 87: pp. 447-55 opens in new window">CrossRef
  鈥淲e鈥檒l show you you鈥檙e a woman鈥? violence and discrimination against black lesbians and transgender men in South Africa. Human Rights Watch, New York
  4. Martin, A, Kelly, A, Turquet, L, Ross, S (2009) Hate crimes: the rise of corrective rape in South Africa. ActionAid, London
  5. Penn, D (2011) South African activists speak out on 鈥渃orrective rape鈥? Lesbian News 36: pp. 12
  6. Reddy, V, Potgieter, C-A, Mkhize, N (2007) Cloud over the rainbow nation: 鈥榗orrective rape鈥檃nd other hate crimes against black lesbians. HSRC Rev 5: pp. 10-1
  7. Sandfort, TGM, Baumann, LRM, Matebeni, Z, Reddy, V, Southey-Swartz, I (2013) Forced sexual experiences as risk factor for self-reported HIV infection among Southern African lesbian and bisexual women. PLoS One 8: pp. e53552 53552" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization, Geneva
  8. Krug, EG, Mercy, JA, Dahlberg, LL, Zwi, AB (2002) The world report on violence and health. World Health Organization, Geneva
  9. Jewkes, R, Dunkle, K, Koss, MP, Levin, JB, Nduna, M, Jama, N (2006) Rape perpetration by young, rural South African men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors. Soc Sci Med 63: pp. 2949-61 opens in new window">CrossRef
  10. Bryant-Davis, T, Chung, H, Tillman, S (2009) From the margings to the center: ethnic minority women and the mental health effects of sexual assault. Trauma Violence Abuse 10: pp. 330-57 524838009339755" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  11. Jozkowski, KN, Sanders, SA (2012) Health and sexual outcomes of women who have experienced forced or coercive sex. Women Health 52: pp. 101-18 opens in new window">CrossRef
  12. Littleton, HL, Grills-Taquechel, AE, Buck, KS, Rosman, L, Dodd, JC (2013) Health risk behavior and sexual assault among ethnically diverse women. Psychol Women Quart 37: pp. 7-21 51842" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  13. Lewis, RJ, Milletich, RJ, Kelley, ML, Woody, A (2012) Minority stress, substance use, and intimate partner violence among sexual minority women. Aggress Violent Behav 17: pp. 247-56 opens in new window">CrossRef
  14. Beresford, B, Schneider, H, Sember, R Constitutional authority and its limitations: the politics of sexuality in South Africa. In: Parker, R, Petchesky, R, Sember, R eds. (2010) SexPolitics: reports from the front lines. Sexuality Policy Watch, New York, pp. 197-246
  15. Cock, J (2003) Engendering gay and lesbian rights: the equality clause in the South African constitution. Women Stud Int Forum 26: pp. 35-45 5395(02)00353-9" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  16. Thoreson, RR (2008) Somewhere over the rainbow nation: gay, lesbian and bisexual activism in South Africa. J South Afr Stud 34: pp. 679-97 57070802259969" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  More than a name: state-sponsored homophobia and its consequences in Southern Africa. Human Rights Watch, New York City
  Sexual orientation/gender identity references: human rights reports for 2009. Department of State, Washington
  17. Morgan, R, Wieringa, S (2005) Tommy boys, lesbian men and ancestral wives: conclusions from the African women鈥檚 life story project. Cult Health Sex 7: pp. S56
  18. Rule, S, Mncwango, B Rights or wrongs? An exploration of moral values. In: Pillay, U, Roberts, B, Rule, S eds. (2006) South African social attitudes: changing times, diverse voices. HSRC, Pretoria, pp. 252-76
  19. Hatcher, S, Stubbersfield, O (2013) Sense of belonging and suicide: a systematic review. Can Child Adolesc Psychiatr Rev 58: pp. 432-6
  20. Lambert, NM, Stillman, TF, Hicks, JA, Kamble, S, Baumeister, RF, Fincham, FD (2013) To belong is to matter: sense of belonging enhances meaning in life. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 39: pp. 1418-27 opens in new window">CrossRef
  21. McLaren, S, Gibbs, PM, Watts, E (2013) The interrelations between age, sense of belonging, and depressive symptoms among Australian gay men and lesbians. J Homosex 60: pp. 1-15 5933" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  22. McCallum, C, McLaren, S (2011) Sense of belonging and depressive symptoms among GLB adolescents. J Homosex 58: pp. 83-96 533629" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  23. Saewyc, EM, Bauer, GR, Skay, CL, Bearinger, LH, Resnick, MD, Reis, E (2004) Measuring sexual orientation in adolescent health surveys: evaluation of eight school-based surveys. J Adolesc Health 35: pp. 345-e1
  24. Sell, RL (1997) Defining and measuring sexual orientation: a review. Arch Sex Behav 26: pp. 643-58 528427013" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  25. Sell, RL, Becker, JB (2001) Sexual orientation data collection and progress toward healthy people 2010. Am J Public Health 91: pp. 876-82 5/AJPH.91.6.876" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  26. Storms, MD (1979) Sex-role identity and its relationships to sex-role attributes and sex-role stereotypes. J Pers Soc Psychol 37: pp. 1779-89 514.37.10.1779" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  27. Hagerty, BMK, Patusky, K (1995) Developing a measure of sense of belonging. Nurs Res 44: pp. 9-13 501000-00003" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  28. McLaren, S (2009) Sense of belonging to the general and lesbian communities as predictors of depression among lesbians. J Homosex 56: pp. 1-13 551365" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  29. Mayfield, D, Mcleod, G, Hall, P (1974) Cage questionnaire - validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument. Am J Psychiat 131: pp. 1121-3
  30. Kessler, RC, Andrews, G, Colpe, LJ, Hiripi, E, Mroczek, DK, Normand, SLT (2002) Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med 32: pp. 959-76 opens in new window">CrossRef
  31. Burgard, SA, Cochran, SD, Mays, VM (2005) Alcohol and tobacco use patterns among heterosexually and homosexually experienced California women. Drug Alcohol Depend 77: pp. 61-70 opens in new window">CrossRef
  32. Condit, M, Kitaji, K, Drabble, L, Trocki, K (2011) Sexual-minority women and alcohol: Intersections between drinking, relational contexts, stress, and coping. J Gay Lesbian Soc Ser 23: pp. 351-75 538720.2011.588930" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  33. Drabble, L, Midanik, LT, Trocki, K (2005) Reports of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual respondents: results from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey. J Stud Alcohol 66: pp. 111-20 5288/jsa.2005.66.111" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  34. Drabble, L, Trocki, K (2005) Alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, and other substance use among lesbian and bisexual women. J Lesbian Stud 9: pp. 19-30 55v09n03_03" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  35. Wood, K, Lambert, H, Jewkes, R (2007) 鈥淪howing roughness in a beautiful way鈥? talk about love, coercion, and rape in South African youth sexual culture. Med Anthropol Q 21: pp. 277-300 525/maq.2007.21.3.277" target="_blank" title="It opens in new window">CrossRef
  36. Checo, GD (2011) The invisibility of violence against lesbian women: the case of corrective rape. Cult Health Sex 13: pp. S23
  37. Padmanabhanunni, A, Edwards, D (2013) Victimisation in the lives of lesbian-identified women in South Africa: implications for clinical assessment and treatment. J Psychol Afr 23: pp. 385-92
  
• 刊物主题：Gynecology; Maternal and Child Health; Reproductive Medicine;
• 出版者：BioMed Central
• ISSN：1472-6874

文摘

Background Experiences of forced sex have been shown to be prevalent in Southern Africa. Negative outcomes of forced sex have been documented in general populations of women and men and include alcohol abuse, drug use, mental health problems, mental distress, sexual health problems and poor overall health. This study is the first to examine experiences of forced sex and associated health problems among lesbian and bisexual women in Southern Africa. Methods This study is based on data collected as part of a collaborative endeavor involving various Southern African community-based organizations. Lesbian and bisexual women in four Southern African countries participated in a cross-sectional survey, for a total study sample of 591. Results Nearly one-third of participants had been forced to have sex at some time in their lives. Thirty-one percent of all women reported to have experienced forced sex at least once in their life: 14.9% reported forced sex by men only; 6.6% reported forced sex by women only; 9.6% had had forced sexual experiences with both men and women. Participants experienced forced sex by men as more serious than forced sex by women; forced sex by women was more likely to involve intimate partners compared to forced sex by men. Participants who experienced forced sex by men were more likely to report drug problems, mental distress and lower sense of belonging. Forced sex by women was associated with drinking problems and mental distress. Having experienced forced sex by both men and women was associated with lower sense of belonging to the LGBT community, drug use problem and mental distress. Conclusions The findings indicate that forced sex among Southern African women is a serious issue that needs further exploration. Clinicians should be made aware of the prevalence and possible consequences of forced sex among lesbian and bisexual women. Policies and community interventions should be designed to address this problem.