What Medical Education can do to Ensure Robust Language Development in Deaf Children

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Tom Humphries ; Poorna Kushalnagar ; Gaurav Mathur…
• 关键词：Brain plasticity ; Cochlear implants ; Cognitive development ; Deaf and hard ; of ; hearing children ; First language acquisition
• 刊名：Medical Science Educator
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：December 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：24
• 期：4
• 页码：409-419
• 全文大小：273KB
• 参考文献：1.Frost SB, Barbay S, Friel KM, Plautz EJ, Nudo RJ. Reorganization of remote cortical regions after ischemic brain injury: a potential substrate for stroke recovery. J Neurophysiol. 2003;89:3205鈥?4.
  2.Dancause N, Nudo RJ. Shaping plasticity to enhance recovery after injury. Prog Brain Res. 2011;192:273鈥?5.
  3.Sabel BA. Unrecognized potential of surviving neurons: within-systems plasticity, recovery of function, and the hypothesis of minimal residual structure. Neuroscientist. 1997;3:366鈥?0.
  4.Prilloff S, Noblejas MI, Chedhomme V, Sabel BA. Two faces of calcium activation after optic nerve trauma: life or death of retinal ganglion cells in vivo depends on calcium dynamics. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;25(11):3339鈥?6.
  5.Sabel BA, Henrich-Noack P, Fedorov A, Gall C. Vision restoration after brain and retina damage: the 鈥渞esidual vision activation theory鈥? Prof Brain Res. 2011;192:199鈥?62.
  6.Kaas JH. Sensory loss and cortical reorganization in mature primates. Prog Brain Res. 2002;138:167鈥?6.
  7.Pascual-Leone A, Amedi A, Fregni F, Merabet LB. The plastic brain cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2005;28:377鈥?01.
  8.Kupers R, Ptito M. Insights from darkness: what the study of blindness has taught us about brain structure and function. Prog Brain Res. 2011;192:17鈥?1.
  9.Knudsen EI. Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior. J Cogn Neurosci. 2004;16:1412鈥?5.
  10.Hubel D, Wiesel T. Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25-year collaboration. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005.
  11.Cosetti M, Roland TJ. Cochlear implantation in the very young: issues unique to the under-1 population. Trends Amplif. 2010;14(1):46鈥?7.
  12.Hickok G, Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(5):393鈥?02.
  13.Gordon KA, Jiwani S, Papsin BC. What is the optimal timing for bilateral cochlear implantation in children? Cochlear Implants Int. 2011;12(2):S8鈥揝14.
  14.Habib MG, Waltzman SB, Tajudeen B, Svirsky MA. Speech production intelligibility of early implanted pediatric cochlear implant users. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(8):855鈥?.
  15.Paludetti G, Conti G, Di Nardo W, De Croso E, Rolesi R, Picciotti PM, et al. Infant hearing loss: from diagnosis to therapy official report of XXI conference of Italian society of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2012;32(6):347鈥?0.
  16.Kral A, O鈥橠onoghue GM. Profound deafness in childhood. NEJM. 2010;363:1438鈥?0.
  17.Argintaru N, Hamidi M, Allen L. Falling on deaf ears: overview of cochlear implantation issues in Canada and locally. UWOMJ I. 2011;80(2,1):12鈥?.
  18.P茅rez-Pereira M, Castro J. Language acquisition and the compensation of visual deficit: new comparative data on a controversial topic. Br J Dev Psychol. 1997;15(4):439鈥?9.
  19.Newport E, Meier R. The acquisition of American sign language. In: Slobin D, editor. The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1985. p. 881鈥?39.
  20.Doidge N. The brain that changes itself: stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. New York: Viking; 2007.
  21.Lenneberg E. Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley; 1967.
  22.Hudson C, Newport E. Getting it right by getting it wrong: when learners change languages. Cogn Psychol. 2009;59(1):30鈥?6.
  23.Woods BT, Carey S. Language deficits after apparent clinical recovery from childhood aphasia. Ann Neurol. 1979;6(5):405鈥?.
  24.Martins IP. Persistent acquired childhood aphasia. In: Fabro F, editor. Neurogenic language disorders in children. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. p. 231鈥?1.
  25.Goorhuis-Brouwer S. Enkele opmerkingen over afasie bij kinderen. Logopedie en Foniatrie. 1976;48:69鈥?7.
  26.Snow C, Hoefnagel-H枚ihle M. The critical period for language acquisition: evidence from second language learning. Child Dev. 1978;49(4):1114鈥?8. Quote is from p. 1126.
  27.Alajouanine T, Lhermitte F. Acquired aphasia in children. Brain. 1965;88(4):653鈥?2.
  28.Shattuck R. The forbidden experiment: the story of the wild boy of Aveyron. New york: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 1980.
  29.Curtiss S. Genie: a psycholinguistic study of a modern-day 鈥渨ild child.鈥? New York: Academic; 1977.
  30.Cohn J. The two year window: The new science of babies and brains鈥攁nd how it could revolutionize the fight against poverty. The New Republic. 9 November 2011. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媡nr.鈥媍om/鈥媋rticle/鈥媏conomy/鈥媘agazine/鈥?7268/鈥媡he-two-year-window?鈥媝assthru=鈥媃zBlNDJmMmRkZTli鈥婲DgwZDY4MDhhYmIw鈥婱jYyYzhlMjg&鈥媢tm_鈥媠ource=鈥婽he+New+Republic鈥?鈥媢tm_鈥媍ampaign=鈥媋ff101360e-TNR_鈥婦aily_鈥?11411&鈥媢tm_鈥媘edium=鈥媏mail . Accessed 12 Sept 2012.
  31.Zeanah CH, Nelson CA, Fox NA, Smyke AT, Marshall P, Parker SW, et al. Designing research to study the effects of institutionalization on brain and behavioral development: the Bucharest early intervention project. Dev Psychopathol. 2003;15:885鈥?07.
  32.Nelson C, Fox M, Zeanah C, Johnson D. Caring for orphaned, abandoned and maltreated children: Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Powerpoint presentation at the 10 January 2007 Better Care Network Discussion Day in Washington, DC. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媢nicef.鈥媌g/鈥媝ublic/鈥媔mages/鈥媡inybrowser/鈥媢pload/鈥婸PT%20鈥婤EIP%20鈥婫roup%20鈥媐or%20鈥媤ebsite.鈥媝df . Accessed 12 Sept 2012.
  33.Drury SS, Theall KP, Gleason MM, Smyke AT, Devivo I, Wong JYY, et al. Telomere length and early severe social deprivation: linking early adversity and cellular aging. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;17(7):719鈥?7.
  34.Curtiss S. Language as a cognitive system: its independence and selective vulnerability. In: Otero C, editor. Noam Chomsky: critical assessments 4. London: Routledge; 1994. p. 211鈥?5.
  35.Grimshaw G, Adelstein A, Bryden M, MacKinnon G. First-language acquisition in adolescence: evidence for a critical period for verbal language development. Brain Lang. 1998;63(2):237鈥?5.
  36.Emmorey K, Corina D. Lexical recognition in sign language: effects of phonetic structure and morphology. Percept Mot Skills. 1990;71:1227鈥?2.
  37.Emmorey K. Repetition priming with aspect and agreement morphology in American Sign Language. J Psycholinguist Res. 1991;20:365鈥?8.
  38.Mayberry R, Eichen E. The long-lasting advantage of learning sign language in childhood: another look at the critical period for language acquisition. J Mem Lang. 1991;30(4):486鈥?12.
  39.Mayberry R, Fischer S. Looking through phonological shape to lexical meaning: the bottleneck of non-native sign language processing. Mem Cogn. 1989;17:740鈥?4.
  40.Newport E. Maturational constraints on language learning. Cogn Sci. 1990;14(1):11鈥?8.
  41.Newport E, Supalla T. A critical period effect in the acquisition of a primary language. Unpublished ms. University of Rochester; 1987.
  42.Galvan D. Differences in the use of American Sign Language morphology by deaf children: implications for parents and teachers. Am Ann Deaf. 1999;144(4):320鈥?.
  43.Boyes BP. Rhythmic temporal patterns in the signing of deaf early and late learners of Swiss German Sign Language. Lang Speech. 1999;42:177鈥?08.
  44.Helmuth L. From the mouths (and hands) of babes. Science. 2001;293:1758鈥?.
  45.Singleton J, Newport E. When learners surpass their models: the acquisition of American Sign Language from inconsistent input. Cogn Psychol. 2004;49:370鈥?07.
  46.Morford J, H盲nel-Faulhaber B. Homesigners as late learners: connecting the dots from delayed acquisition in childhood to sign language processing in adulthood. Lang Ling Compass. 2011;5(8):535鈥?.
  47.Cormier K, Schembri A, Vinson D, Orfanidou E. First language acquisition differs from second language acquisition in prelingually deaf signers: evidence for sensitivity to grammaticality judgment in British Sign Language. Cognition. 2012;124(1):50鈥?5.
  48.Johnson JS, Newport E. Critical period effects in second language learning: the influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cogn Psychol. 1989;21:60鈥?9.
  49.Newport E, Bavelier D, Neville HJ. Critical thinking about critical periods: perspectives on a critical period for language acquisition. In: Dupoux E, editor. Language, brain, and cognitive development: essays in honor of Jacques Mehler. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2001. p. 481鈥?02.
  50.Wood SK. Acquisition of topicalization in very late learners of Libras. In: Mathur G, Napoli DJ, editors. Deaf around the world: the impact of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. p. 164鈥?3.
  51.Skotara N, Salden U, K眉gow M, H盲nel-Faulhaber B, R枚der B. ERP comparison of deaf native signers and deaf signers with a delayed language acquisition. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13:44.
  52.Mayberry R, Lock E. Age constraints on first versus second language acquisition: evidence for linguistic plasticity and epigenesist. Brain Lang. 2003;87(3):369鈥?4.
  53.Figueras B, Edwards L, Langdon D. Executive function and language in deaf children. J Deaf Stud Deaf Edu. 2008;13:362鈥?7.
  54.Kushalnagar P, Mathur G, Moreland CJ, Napoli DJ, Osterling W, Padden C, et al. Infants and children with hearing loss need early language access. J Clin Ethic. 2010;21(2):143鈥?4.
  55.Humphries T, Kushalnagar P, Mathur G, Napoli DJ, Padden C, Rathmann C, Smith S. Language acquisition for deaf children: Reducing the harms of zero tolerance to the use of alternative approaches. Harm Reduct J. 2012; 9:16. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媓armreductionjou鈥媟nal.鈥媍om/鈥媍ontent/鈥?/鈥?/鈥?6 . Accessed 1 Sept. 2012.
  56.Humphries T, Kushalnagar P, Mathur G, Napoli DJ, Padden C, Rathmann C, Smith S. Cochlear implants and the right to language: Ethical considerations, ideal situation, and practical measures toward reaching the ideal. In: Umat C, Tange RA, editors. Cochlear Implant Research Updates, InTech; 2012. http://鈥媡inyurl.鈥媍om/鈥?qmexp9 . Accessed 1 Sept. 2013.
  57.Humphries T, Kushalnagar P, Mathur G, Napoli DJ, Padden C, Rathmann C, et al. Bilingualism: a pearl to overcome certain perils of cochlear implants. J Med Speech Lang Pathol. 2014;21(2):107鈥?5.
  58.Bouchard M-E, Ouellet C, Cohen H. Speech development in prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants. Lang Ling Compass. 2008;2:1鈥?8.
  59.Fink NE, Wang N-Y, Visaya J, Niparko JK, Quittner AL, Eisenberg LS. CDACI investigative team: childhood development after cochlear implantation (CDaCI) study: design and baseline characteristics. Cochlear Implants Int. 2007;8(2):92鈥?16.
  60.Peterson N, Pisoni D, Miyamoto R. Cochlear implants and spoken language processing abilities: review and assessment of the literature. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(2):237鈥?0.
  61.Szagun G. The younger the better? variability in language development of young German-speaking children with cochlear implants. In: Marinis T, Papangeli A, Stojanovik V, editors. Proceedings of the child language seminar 2007鈥?0th anniversary. Reading, UK: University of Reading Press; 2008. p. 183鈥?4.
  62.Gulya A, Minor L, Poe D. Glasscock-Shambaugh鈥檚 surgery of the ear. 6th ed. Shelton, CT: People鈥檚 Medical Publishing House USA; 2010.
  63.Santarelli R, De Filippi R, Genovese E, Arslan E. Cochlear implantation outcome in prelingually deafened young adults. Audiol Neurootol. 2008;13(4):257鈥?5.
  64.Nicholas JG, Tobey EA, Geers AE, Brenner C, Altuna D, Gabbert G. Factors associated with development of speech production skills in children implanted by the age of five. Ear Hear. 2003;24:36S鈥?6S.
  65.Thoutenhoofd ED, Archbold S, Gregory S, Lutman ME, Nikolopoulos T, Sach TH. Paediatric cochlear implantation: evaluating outcomes. London: Whurr; 2005.
  66.Nicholas JG, Geers AE. The process and early outcomes of cochlear implantation by three years of age. In: Spencer PE, Marschark M, editors. Advances in the spoken language development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 271鈥?7.
  67.Yoshinaga-Itano C. Early identification, communication modality, and the development of speech and spoken language skills: patterns and considerations. In: Spencer PE, Marschark M, editors. Advances in the spoken language development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 298鈥?27.
  68.O鈥橰eilly RC, Mangiardi AJ, Bunnell T. Cochlear implants. In: DeLuca D, Leigh IW, Lindgren KA, editors. Access: multiple avenues for deaf people. WashingtonC: Gallaudet University Press; 2008. p. 38鈥?4.
  69.Martin D, Bat-Chava Y, Lalwani A, Waltzman SB. Peer relationships of deaf children with cochlear implants: predictors of peer entry and peer interaction success. J Deaf Stud Deaf Edu. 2010;16(1):108鈥?0.
  70.Grieco-Calub TM, Saffran JR, Litovsky RY. Spoken word recognition in toddlers who use cochlear implants. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009;52:1390鈥?00.
  71.Pisoni DB, Cleary M. Learning, memory, and cognitive processes in deaf children following cochlear implantation. In: Zeng F-G, Popper AN, Fay RR, editors. Cochlear implants: auditory prostheses and electrical hearing. New York: Springer; 2004. p. 377鈥?26.
  72.Burkholder RA, Pisoni DB. Working memory capacity, verbal rehearsal speed, and scanning in deaf children with cochlear implants. In: Spencer PE, Marschark M, editors. Advances in the spoken language development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 328鈥?7.
  73.Marschark M, Rhoten C, Fabich M. Effects of cochlear implants on children鈥檚 reading and academic achievement. J Deaf Stud Deaf Edu. 2007;12(3):269鈥?2.
  74.Kronenberger WG, Beer J, Castellanos I, Pisoni DB, Miyamoto RT. Neurocognitive risk in children with cochlear implants. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140(7):608鈥?5.
  75.Giraud A-L, Lee H-J. Predicting cochlear implant outcome from brain organization in the deaf. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2007;25:381鈥?0.
  76.Watson L, Gregory S. Non-use of implants in children: child and parent perspectives. Deafness Educ Int. 2005;7(1):43鈥?8.
  77.Hogan N, Krebs HI. Physically interactive robotic technology for neuromotor rehabilitation. Prog Brain Res. 2011;192:59鈥?8. Quote is from page 65.
  78.Jones LA. Tactile communication systems: optimizing the display of information. Prog Brain Res. 2011;192:113鈥?8. Quote is from page 125.
  79.Shannon R, Fu Q-J, Galvin J, Friesen L. Speech perception with cochlear implants. In: Zeng F-G, Popper AA, Fay RR, editors. Cochlear implants: auditory prostheses and electrical hearing. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 334鈥?6. Quote is from p. 369.
  80.Cohen NL, Roland JT. Complications of cochlear implant surgery. In: Waltzman SB, Roland JT, editors. Cochlear implants. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2006. p. 126鈥?2.
  81.Rubin LG, Papsin B. Cochlear implants in children: surgical site infections and prevention and treatment of acute otitis media and meningitis. Pediatrics. 2010;126(2):381鈥?1.
  82.McJunkin J, Jeyakumar A. Complications in pediatric cochlear implants. Am J Otolaryng. 2010;31(2):110鈥?.
  83.Thom JJ, Carlson ML, Olson MD, Neff BA, Beatty CW, Facer GW, et al. The prevalence and clinical course of facial nerve paresis following cochlear implant surgery. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(4):1000鈥?.
  84.Steenerson RL, Cronin GW, Gary LB. Vertigo after cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2001;22:842鈥?.
  85.Walker G. A conversation with grace walker: personal experiences with a cochlear implant. In: DeLuca D, Leigh IW, Lindgren KA, Napoli DJ, editors. Access: multiple avenues for deaf people. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press; 2008. p. 140鈥?.
  86.Borkowski G, Hildmann H, Stark T. Surgical aspects of cochlear implantation in young and very young children. In: Kubo T, Takahashi Y, Iwaki T, editors. Cochlear implants: an update. The Hague: Kugler Publications; 2002. p. 223鈥?.
  87.Marlowe AL, Chinnici JE, Rivas A, Niparko JK, Francis HW. Revision cochlear implant surgery in children: the Johns Hopkins experience. Otol Neurotol. 2010;31(1):74鈥?2.
  88.Snow JB, Wackym PA. Ballenger鈥檚 otorhinolaryngology. 17th ed. Shelton: People鈥檚 Medical Publishing House; 2008.
  89.Tyler RS, Witt SA, Dunn CC, Perreau A, Parkinson AJ, Wilson BS. An attempt to improve bilateral cochlear implants by increasing the distance between electrodes and providing complementary information to the two ears. J Am Acad Audiol. 2010;21(1):52鈥?5.
  90.Tobin H. Rehabilitation research and development service: practical hearing aid selection and fitting. Baltimore: Department of Veterans Affairs; 1995.
  91.Petitto LA, Zatorre RJ, Gauna K, Nikelski EJ, Dostie D, Evans AC. Speech-like cerebral activity in profoundly deaf people processing signed languages: implications for the neural basis of human language. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000;97(25):13961鈥?.
  92.Hassanzadeh S. Outcomes of cochlear implantation in deaf children of deaf children: comparative study. J Laryngol Otol. 2012;126(1):989鈥?4.
  93.Park GY, Moon IJ, Kim EY, Chung EW, Cho YS, Chung WH, et al. Auditory and speech performance in deaf children with deaf parents after cochlear implant. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(2):233鈥?.
  94.Fellinger J, Holzinger D, Pollard R. Mental health of deaf people. Lancet. 2012;379:1037鈥?4.
  95.Luckner JL, Muir S. Successful students who are deaf in general education settings. Am Ann Deaf. 2001;146(5):435鈥?6.
  96.Luckner JL, Stewart J. Self-assessments and other perceptions of successful adults who are deaf: an initial investigation. Am Ann Deaf. 2003;148(3):243鈥?0.
  97.Crandall SJ, George G, Marion GS, Davis S. Applying theory to the design of cultural competency training for medical students: a case study. Acad Med. 2003;78(6):588鈥?4.
  98.Purnell, Larry D. Transcultural health care: A culturally competent approach. Philadelphia: FA Davis. 2012.
  99.Tervalon M, Murray-Garcia J. Cultural humility versus cultural competence: a critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. J Health Care Poor U. 1998;9(2):117鈥?5.
  100.Emanuel EJ. Changing premed requirements and the medical curriculum. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1128鈥?1.
  101.Flores G. The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: a systematic review. Med Care Res Rev. 2005;62(3):255鈥?9.
  102.Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(2):727鈥?4.
  103.Leigh I. A lens on deaf identities. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.
  104.Phelan M, Parkman S. How to work with an interpreter. BMJ. 1995;311(7004):555鈥?.
  105.Mathur G, Napoli DJ, Padden C, Humphries T, Kushalnagar P, Rathmann C, Smith S, Durand M-A, Elwyn G. editors. Language options for deaf infants and children. 2013. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媜ptiongrid.鈥媜rg/鈥媟esources/鈥媗anguageoptions_鈥媑rid.鈥媝df . Accessed 1 Jan 2014.
  106.King JS, Moulton BW. Rethinking informed consent: the case for shared medical decision-making. Am J Law Med. 2006;32(4):429鈥?01.
  107.National Center for Deaf Health Research. Deaf Strong Hospital. 2014. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媢rmc.鈥媟ochester.鈥媏du/鈥媙cdhr/鈥媔nformation/鈥媡raining/鈥媎eaf-strong-hospital.鈥媍fm . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  108.Thew D, Smith SR, Chang C, Starr M. The deaf strong hospital program: a model of diversity and inclusion training for first-year medical students. Acad Med. 2012;87(11):1496鈥?00.
  109.Mathews JL, Parkhill AL, Schlehofer DA, Starr MJ, Barnett S. Deaf strong hospital: a role-reversal exercise emphasizing cultural competency and awareness. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(3):53.
  110.Richards J, Harmer L, Pollard P, Pollard R. Deaf strong hospital: an exercise in cross-cultural communication for first year medical students. J Univ Rochester Med C. 1999;10:5鈥?.
  111.Pollard RQ. A consumer interview seminar that enhances medical student attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Ann Behav Sci Med Educ. 1998;5(1):27鈥?1.
  112.University of Rochester Medical Center. Medical education: Elective pathways, Deaf Health Pathway. 2014. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媢rmc.鈥媟ochester.鈥媏du/鈥媏ducation/鈥媘d/鈥媝rospective-students/鈥媏lective-pathways/鈥媎eaf-health-pathway.鈥媍fm . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  113. http://鈥媍ancer.鈥媢csd.鈥媏du/鈥媟esearch-training/鈥媐ellowships/鈥媋sl/鈥婸ages/鈥媎efault.鈥媋spx
  114.Posner E. Medical students develop sign language skills. Access Press, February 10th, 2006. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媋ccesspress.鈥媜rg/鈥?006/鈥?2/鈥媘edical-students-develop-sign-language-skills/鈥?/span> . Accessed 1 January 2013.
  115.Farber JH, Nakaji MC, Sadler GR. Medical students, deaf patients and cancer. Med Educ. 2004;38(11):1201.
  116.Mueller P. Signs of the times: Medical students learn to serve the deaf. This Week @ UCSD, December 20, 2004. http://鈥媢csdnews.鈥媢csd.鈥媏du/鈥媋rchive/鈥媡hisweek/鈥?004/鈥媎ec/鈥?2_鈥?0_鈥媍ancercenter.鈥媋sp . Accessed 1 Jan 2014.
  117.Hoang L, LaHousse SF, Nakaji MC, Sadler GR. Assessing deaf cultural competency of physicians and medical students. J Cancer Educ. 2011;26:175鈥?2.
  118.UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center. ASL cancer education program for the deaf and hard of hearing. n.d. http://鈥媍ancer.鈥媢csd.鈥媏du/鈥媍oping/鈥媟esources-education/鈥媎eaf-info/鈥婸ages/鈥媎efault.鈥媋spx . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  119.Boston Children's Hospital. Deaf and Hard of Hearing Program. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媍hildrenshospita鈥媗.鈥媜rg/鈥媍enters-and-services/鈥媎eaf-and-hard-of-hearing-program/鈥媜verview . Accessed 6 Oct 2014.
  120.Queen鈥檚 University Belfast. Centre for Medical Education. eLearning. n.d. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媞ub.鈥媋c.鈥媢k/鈥媠chools/鈥媘dbs/鈥媘edicine/鈥婣boutUs/鈥媏Learning . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  121.Queen鈥檚 University Belfast. School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences. News: School awarded for breaking down communication barriers. Summer 2014. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媞ub.鈥媋c.鈥媢k/鈥媠chools/鈥媘dbs/鈥婲ews/鈥?/span> . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  122.Action on hearing loss. Find a hear to help service in your area. n.d. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媋ctiononhearingl鈥媜ss.鈥媜rg.鈥媢k/鈥媠upporting-you/鈥媓ear-to-help-hearing-aid-support/鈥媐ind-a-hear-to-help-service-in-your-area.鈥媋spx . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  123.Gallaudet University. Counseling and psychological services. 2014. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媑allaudet.鈥媏du/鈥媍ounseling_鈥媋nd_鈥媝sychological_鈥媠ervices.鈥媓tml . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  124.Howard University Hospital. Psychiatry and behavioral sciences. About us. n.d. http://鈥媓ealthsciences.鈥媓oward.鈥媏du/鈥媓ealthcare/鈥媓ospital/鈥媎epartments/鈥媝sychiatry-behavioral-sciences/鈥媋bout-us . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  125.Archive: On The Green. Mental Health Center program helps medical students understand deaf patients鈥?issues. August 2, 2000. 30 (21). http://鈥媝r.鈥媑allaudet.鈥媏du/鈥媜tg/鈥婤ackIssues.鈥媋sp?鈥婭D=鈥?04 . Accessed 1 Jan 2014.
  126.Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University. Substance abuse resources & disability issues. 2013. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媘ed.鈥媤right.鈥媏du/鈥媍itar/鈥媠ardi/鈥媎oda . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  127.Trinity College Dublin, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing & Midwifery. Perspectives on deafness. 2011. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媡cd.鈥媔e/鈥婲ursing_鈥婱idwifery/鈥媋ssets/鈥媢ndergraduate/鈥媝df/鈥婲U2E01-Perspectives-on-Deafness.鈥媝df . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  128.University of Stirling. School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health. Mental health nursing. n.d. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媙m.鈥媠tir.鈥媋c.鈥媢k/鈥媋pplicants-ug/鈥媘ental-health-nursing.鈥媝hp . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  129.Lock E. A workshop for medical students on deafness and hearing impairments. Acad Med. 2003;78(12):1229鈥?4.
  130.Smith MCA, Hasnip JH. The lessons of deafness: deafness awareness and communication skills training with medical students. Med Educ. 1991;25(4):319鈥?1.
  131.Family-Focused Center for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children. Children鈥檚 Medical Center Family-Focused Center (FFC) for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children works with patients, their families and their physicians to provide resources and education regarding hearing needs. n.d. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媍hildrens.鈥媍om/鈥婣ssets/鈥婦ocuments/鈥媓ealthcare-professionals/鈥婼choolNurses/鈥媐fc-flier-english.鈥媝df . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  132.MedTerp: Where Medicine and Interpreting Connect. n.d. http://鈥媘edterp.鈥媤eebly.鈥媍om/鈥媤ho-we-are.鈥媓tml . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  133.Dawson T. Deaf medical resident on path to becoming 鈥榓mazing physician鈥?(with video). Edmonton Journal. February 14, 2014. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媏dmontonjournal.鈥媍om/鈥婦eaf+medical+res鈥媔dent+path+becom鈥媔ng+amazing+phys鈥媔cian+with+video鈥?鈥?496393/鈥媠tory.鈥媓tml . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  134.National Health Service of Scotland. Other languages. Free pilot BSL video relay service (VRS). n.d. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媙hs24.鈥媍om/鈥婥ontactUs/鈥婳therLanguages/鈥婤SL . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  135.The Alabama Department of Mental Health. Deaf services. n.d. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媘h.鈥媋labama.鈥媑ov/鈥婱IDS/鈥?/span> . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  136.Deaf Community Health Worker Project. Partnering with you in healthcare. (Minnesota). 2011. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媎eafchw.鈥媜rg/鈥?/span> . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  137.Hennepin County Medical Center, MN. Programs & services. Deaf & immigrant center for education. 2014. http://鈥媓cmc.鈥媜rg/鈥媠ervices/鈥婬CMC_鈥婱AINCONTENT_鈥?07 . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  138.Mount Sinai Hospital. Sinai deaf health. 2014. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媠inai.鈥媜rg/鈥媝atients-visitors/鈥媝atients/鈥媠inaideafhealth . 15 Aug 2014.
  139.Gallaudet University Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. Healthcare for deaf and hard of hearing patients: clinics and special services. n.d. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媑allaudet.鈥媏du/鈥媍lerc_鈥媍enter/鈥媔nformation_鈥媋nd_鈥媟esources/鈥媔nfo_鈥媡o_鈥媑o/鈥媏ducate_鈥媍hildren_鈥?3_鈥媡o_鈥?1)/鈥媠ocial-emotional_鈥媎evelopment/鈥媘ental_鈥媓ealth_鈥媋nd_鈥媤ellness/鈥媓ealthcare_鈥媎elivery_鈥媐or_鈥媎hoh_鈥媝atients_鈥媍linicsspec_鈥媠vcs.鈥媓tml . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  140.NHS Lothian. Scottish mental health service for deaf people. 2012. http://鈥媤ww.鈥媙hslothian.鈥媠cot.鈥媙hs.鈥媢k/鈥婼ervices/鈥婣-Z/鈥媘hdeafservice/鈥婸ages/鈥媎efault.鈥媋spx . Accessed 15 Aug 2014.
  
• 作者单位：Tom Humphries (1)
  Poorna Kushalnagar (2)
  Gaurav Mathur (3)
  Donna Jo Napoli (4)
  Carol Padden (5)
  Robert Pollard (6)
  Christian Rathmann (7)
  Scott Smith (8)
  
  1. Education Studies and Department of Communication, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
  2. Chester L. Carston Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
  3. Department of Linguistics, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
  4. Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave., Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
  5. Department of Communication, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
  6. University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Director of the Deaf Wellness Center, Rochester, NY, USA
  7. Institute for German Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf, Universit盲t Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  8. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Medical Education;
• 刊物主题：Medical Education;
• 出版者：Springer US
• ISSN：2156-8650

文摘

The typical medical education curriculum does not address language development for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. However, this issue is medical because of the frequency with which DHH children as a population face health complications due to linguistic deprivation. The critical period for language development is early; if a child does not acquire an intact language before age five, the child is unlikely to ever have native-like use of any language. Such linguistic deprivation carries risks of cognitive delay and psycho-social health difficulties. Spoken language is inaccessible for many DHH children despite assistive-technology developments. But sign languages, because they are visual, are accessible to most DHH children. To ensure language development, DHH children should have exposure to a sign language in their early years, starting at birth. If they also receive successful training in processing and producing a spoken language, they will have the many benefits of bimodal bilingualism. Undergraduate medical education curricula should include information about early language acquisition so that physicians can advise families of deaf newborns and newly deafened young children how to protect their cognitive health. Graduate medical education in primary care, pediatrics, and otolaryngology should include extensive information about amplification/cochlear implants, language modality, and the latest research/practices to promote the development and education of DHH children. Training in how to establish connections with local authorities and services that can support parents and child should be included as well. Further, students need to learn how to work with sign language interpreters in caring for DHH patients. We offer suggestions as to how medical curricula can be appropriately enriched and point to existing programs and initiatives that can serve as resources. Keywords Brain plasticity Cochlear implants Cognitive development Deaf and hard-of-hearing children First language acquisition