文摘
Transcription factors (TF) are key regulators that control the cell-type-specific gene expression in each individual cell and are crucial for the coordination of embryonic development. Mutations in TFs frequently underlie heritable developmental defects; however, the functional characterization of a variant TF is challenging, since the exact molecular mechanisms by which TFs exert their function are not fully understood. In particular, gain-of-function mutations can lead to novel phenotypes that are difficult to characterize functionally. Recent technological advances, in particular ChIP-seq, have enabled experimental approaches that can distinguish between distinct molecular mechanisms underlying TF-associated diseases. This article reviews the molecular pathomechanisms underlying various TF mutations and proposes approaches to previously unknown TF mutations.