Environmental toxicity potential from electricity generation in Tanzania

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Mwema Felix (1)
  Shabbir H. Gheewala (2) (3)
  
• 关键词：Electricity generation ; Environmental sustainability ; Life cycle assessment ; Sustainable development ; Toxicity potential
• 刊名：The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：July 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：19
• 期：7
• 页码：1424-1432
• 全文大小：
• 参考文献：1. Allen L, Cohen M, Abelson D, Miller B (2011) Fossil fuels and water quality. In: Gleick P (ed) The world’s water. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC, pp 73-6
  2. Almeida AT, Moura PS, Marques AS, Almeida JL (2005) Multi-impact evaluation of new medium and large hydropower plants in Portugal centre region. Renew Sust Energ Rev 9:149-67 CrossRef
  3. Azapagic A (1999) Life cycle assessment and its application to process selection, design and optimisation. Chem Eng J 73(1):1-1 CrossRef
  4. Byakola T, Lema O, Kristjansdottir T, Lineikro J (2009) Sustainable energy solutions in East Africa; status, experience and policy recommendations from NGOs in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda
  5. Coltro L, Garcia EEC, Queiroz GC (2003) Life cycle inventory for electric energy system in Brazil. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(5):290-96 CrossRef
  6. Dreyer L, Niemann A, Hauschild M (2003) Comparison of three different LCIA methods: EDIP97, CML2001 and Eco-indicator 99. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(4):191-00 CrossRef
  7. Egré D, Milewski JC (2002) The diversity of hydropower projects. Energ Policy 30:1225-230 CrossRef
  8. Felix M, Gheewala SH (2012) Environmental assessment of electricity production in Tanzania. Energ Sust Dev 16(4):439-47 CrossRef
  9. Finnveden G, Hauschild MZ, Ekvall T, Guinée J, Heijungs R, Hellweg S, Koehler A, Pennington D, Suh S (2009) Recent developments in life cycle assessment. J Environ Manag 91(1):1-1 CrossRef
  10. Frischknecht R (2005) ecoinvent Data v1.1 (2004): From heterogeneous databases to unified and transparent LCI data. Int J Life Cycle Assess 10(1):1- CrossRef
  11. Frischknecht R, Rebitzer G (2005) The ecoinvent database system: a comprehensive web-based LCA database. J Cleaner Prod 13(13-4):1337-343 CrossRef
  12. Frischknecht R, Jungbluth N, Althaus H-J, Doka G, Dones R, Heck T, Hellweg S, Hischier R, Nemecek T, Rebitzer G, Spielmann M (2005) The ecoinvent database: overview and methodological framework. Int J Life Cycle Assess 10(1):3- CrossRef
  13. Frischknecht R, Althaus H-J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T (2007) The environmental relevance of capital goods in life cycle assessments of products and services. Int J Life Cycle Assess 12(1):7-7
  14. Guinée JB, Gorre M, Heijungs R, Huppes G, Kleijn R, Koning A, Oers L, Sleeswijk AW, Suh S, Haes HAU, Bruijn H, Duin R, Huijbregts MAJ, Lindeijer E, Roorda AAH, Ven BL, Weidema BP (2002) Handbook on life cycle assessment: operational guide to the ISO standards. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht
  15. Gujba H, Mulugetta Y, Azapagic A (2010) Environmental and economic appraisal of power generation capacity expansion plan in Nigeria. Energ Policy 38:5636-652 CrossRef
  16. Gujba H, Mulugetta Y, Azapagic A (2011) Power generation scenarios for Nigeria: an environmental and cost assessment. Energ Policy 39:968-80 CrossRef
  17. Heijungs R, Guinée J, Huppes G, Lankreijer RM, de Udo HHA, Wegener SA, Ansems AMM, Eggels PG, van Duin R, de Goede HP (1992) Environmental life cycle assessment of products. Guide and backgrounds. CML, Leiden University, Leiden
  18. Heijungs R, Huppes G, Guinée JB (2010) Life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis of products, materials and technologies. Toward a scientific framework for sustainability life cycle analysis. Polym Degrad Stabil 95(3):422-28 CrossRef
  19. Hertwich EG, Mateles SF, Pease WS, McKone TE (2001) Human toxicity potentials for life-cycle assessment and toxics release inventory risk screening. Environ Toxicol Chem 20(4):928-39 CrossRef
  20. IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report. Table 2.14, Chapter 2, Page 212. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf. Accessed 16 August 2010
  21. ISO (2006) ISO 14044 International Standard. Environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva
  22. J?rup L (2003) Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Brit Med Bull 68(1):167-82 CrossRef
  23. JRC (2010) ILCD handbook: analysing of existing environmental impact assessment methodologies for use in life cycle assessment. European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Institute for Environment and Sustainability
  24. Kampa M, Castanas E (2008) Human health effects of air pollution. Environ Pollut 151(2):362-67 CrossRef
  25. Marwa EMM, Meharg AA, Rice CM (2012) Risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils and maize tissues from selected districts in Tanzania. Sci Total Environ 416:180-86 CrossRef
  26. Monteiro H, Freire F (2012) Life-cycle assessment of a house with alternative exterior walls: comparison of three impact assessment methods. Energ Buildings 47:572-83 CrossRef
  27. Mwakalila S (2006) Socio-economic impacts of irrigated agriculture in Mbarali District of south–west Tanzania. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 31(15-6):876-84 CrossRef
  28. Mwakapugi A, Samji W, Smith S (2010) The Tanzanian energy sector: the potential for job creation and productivity gains through expanded electrification. Special Paper 10/3, Dar es Salaam, REPOA. ISBN 978-9987-615-58-2
  29. NREL (2004) U.S. LCI Database Project: 1st quarterly report and development plan update, December 2002. Other Information: PBD: 1 Mar 2004; Related Information: Work performed by Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, Merrickville, Ontario, Canada. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35623.pdf. Accessed 22 November 2013
  30. Nriagu JO (1990) Global metal pollution: poisoning the biosphere? Environ: Sci Pol Sustain Dev 32(7):7-3 CrossRef
  31. Pauw K, Thurlow J (2011) Agricultural growth, poverty, and nutrition in Tanzania. Food Policy 36(6):795-04 CrossRef
  32. Phumpradab K, Gheewala SH, Sagisaka M (2009) Life cycle assessment of natural gas power plants in Thailand. Int J Life Cycle Assess 14:354-63 CrossRef
  33. PRé Consultants (2010) SimaPro 7.3.0 Life Cycle Assessment software. The Netherlands. More information available at http://www.pre.nl/simapro.html
  34. Restianti YY, Gheewala SH (2012) Life cycle assessment of gasoline in Indonesia. Int J Life Cycle Assess 17(4):402-08 CrossRef
  35. Sakulniyomporn S, Kubaha K, Chullabodhi C (2011) External costs of fossil electricity generation: health-based assessment in Thailand. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15:3470-479 CrossRef
  36. Santoyo-Castelazo E, Gujba H, Azapagic A (2011) Life cycle assessment of electricity generation in Mexico. Energy 36:1488-499 CrossRef
  37. Schreiber A, Zapp P, Kuckshinrichs W (2009) Environmental assessment of German electricity generation from coal-fired power plants with amine-based carbon capture. Int J Life Cycle Assess 14:547-59 CrossRef
  38. Suwanit W, Gheewala SH (2011) Life cycle assessment of mini-hydropower plants in Thailand. Int J Life Cycle Assess 16(9):849-58 CrossRef
  39. Thanh BD, Lefevre T (2000) Assessing health impacts of air pollution from electricity generation: the case of Thailand. Environ Impact Asses 20(2):137-58 CrossRef
  40. The World Bank (2012) World Development Indicators. TZA_Country_MetaData_en_EXCEL.xls. http://data.worldbank.org/country/Tanzania. Accessed 26 March 2012
  41. Turconi R, Boldrin A, Astrup T (2013) Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation technologies: overview, comparability and limitations. Renew Sust Energ Rev 28:555-65 CrossRef
  42. Turrio-Baldassarri L, Abate V, Alivernini S, Battistelli CL, Carasi S, Casella M, Iacovella N, Iamiceli AL, Indelicato A, Scarcella C, La Rocca C (2007) A study on PCB, PCDD/PCDF industrial contamination in a mixed urban–agricultural area significantly affecting the food chain and the human exposure. Part I: soil and feed. Chemosphere 67:1822-830 CrossRef
  43. UN (2013) The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2014
  44. United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA (2013) Consumer Factsheet on: PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE (p-DCB). http://web.archive.org/web/20091006081817/http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/contaminants/dw_contamfs/p-dichlo.html. Assessed 22 August 2013
  45. Weber CL, Jiaramillo P, Marriot J, Samaras C (2010) Life cycle assessment and grid electricity: what do we know and what can we know? Environ Sci Technol 44(6):1895-901 CrossRef
  46. Wenzel H, Hauschild M, Airing L (1997) Environmental assessment of products. Methodology, tools and case studies in product development., vol 1, First ednth edn. Chapman & Hall, London
  47. Whitaker M, Heath GA, O’Donoughue P, Vorum M (2012) Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of coal-fired electricity generation. J Ind Ecol 16:S53–S72 CrossRef
  48. World Commission on Environment and Development WCED (1987) Our common future. Oxford University Press, Oxford
  
• 作者单位：Mwema Felix (1)
  Shabbir H. Gheewala (2) (3)
  
  1. Pesticides and Environment Management Centre, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P. O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
  2. The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
  3. Centre of Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
  
• ISSN：1614-7502

文摘

Purpose Environmental toxicity potential is the potential harm of a chemical substance or a compound that is released into the environment. Such harm is present in the generation of electricity using fossil fuels that release toxins that result in environmental pollution that would certainly have serious implications on human health and the ecosystem quality. This study assessed the environmental toxicity potential of the?centralized grid-connected electricity generating?systems for the years 2000, 2015, 2020, 2026 and 2030, according to the Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Limited, TANESCO’s power system master plan of the year 2009. Methods Life cycle assessment, which is a globally and widely used tool for assessing what impact product or services have during their life cycle, from production stage to disposal stage was used to assess the electricity generating systems based on process analysis. The life cycle impact assessment was calculated using CML 2001 version 2.05. Results and discussion The results show that environmental toxicity potentials increase significantly for the years 2000, 2015, 2020, 2026 and 2030. In addition, the contribution of electricity generation from fossil fuels viz. coal, natural gas, heavy fuel and industrial diesel oils to the environmental toxicity potentials are high as compared to that of hydroelectricity. Conclusions The result suggests that increasing the share of hydroelectricity would significantly help to reduce the environmental toxicity potentials and ultimately the environmental profile of the electricity generation could be improved.