Constitutive heterochromatin formation and transcription in mammals

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• 作者：Nehmé Saksouk ; Elisabeth Simboeck ; Jér?me Déjardin
• 关键词：epigenetic factors ; heterochromatin ; histone modifying enzymes ; pericentromere ; transcription
• 刊名：Epigenetics & Chromatin
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：December 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：8
• 期：1
• 全文大小：1,150 KB
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• 刊物主题：Animal Genetics and Genomics; Human Genetics; Plant Genetics & Genomics; Cell Biology;
• 出版者：BioMed Central
• ISSN：1756-8935

文摘

Constitutive heterochromatin, mainly formed at the gene-poor regions of pericentromeres, is believed to ensure a condensed and transcriptionally inert chromatin conformation. Pericentromeres consist of repetitive tandem satellite repeats and are crucial chromosomal elements that are responsible for accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. The repeat sequences are not conserved and can greatly vary between different organisms, suggesting that pericentromeric functions might be controlled epigenetically. In this review, we will discuss how constitutive heterochromatin is formed and maintained at pericentromeres in order to ensure their integrity. We will describe the biogenesis and the function of main epigenetic pathways that are involved and how they are interconnected. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that alternative pathways could substitute for well-established pathways when disrupted, suggesting that constitutive heterochromatin harbors much more plasticity than previously assumed. In addition, despite of the heterochromatic nature of pericentromeres, there is increasing evidence for active and regulated transcription at these loci, in a multitude of organisms and under various biological contexts. Thus, in the second part of this review, we will address this relatively new aspect and discuss putative functions of pericentromeric expression.