Nutrient requirements and low-cost balanced diets, based on seasonally available local feedstuffs, for local pigs on smallholder farms in Western Kenya

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Natalie Ann Carter ; Catherine Elizabeth Dewey…
• 关键词：Nutrient requirements ; Pigs ; Sub ; Saharan Africa ; Diet ; Feeding stuffs ; Subsistence farmers
• 刊名：Tropical Animal Health and Production
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：48
• 期：2
• 页码：337-347
• 全文大小：381 KB
• 参考文献：Alhassan, W.S. and Odoi, F., 1982. Use of cassava leaf meal in diets for pigs in the humid tropics, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 14, 216–218.PubMed CrossRef
  Anugwa, F.O.I. and Okwori, A.I., 2008. Performance of growing pigs of different genetic groups fed varying dietary protein levels, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 2665–2670.
  Blench, R.M., 2000. A History of Pigs in Africa. In: R.M. Blench and K.C. Macdonald (eds), The Origins and Development of African Livestock - Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography, 2000, (University College London Press, Taylor & Francis Group), 355–367.
  Carter, N., Dewey, C., Mutua, F.K., de Lange, C. and Grace, D., 2013. Average daily gain of local pigs on rural and peri-urban smallholder farms in two districts of western Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 45, 1533–1538.PubMed CrossRef
  Carter, N., Dewey, C., Lukuyu, B., Grace, D. and de Lange, C.F.M., 2015. Nutrient composition and seasonal availability of local feedstuffs for pigs in Western Kenya, Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 95, 397–406. doi:10.​4141/​cjas-2015-003 .
  Codjo, A.B., 2003. Estimation des besoins énergétiques du porc local du Bénin en croissance entre 7 et 22 kg de poids vif, Tropicultura, 12, 56–60.
  Copado, F., de Aluja, A.S., Mayagoitia, L. and Galindo, F., 2004. The behaviour of free-ranging pigs in the Mexican tropics and its relationship with human faeces consumption, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 88, 243–252.CrossRef
  Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Animal Science Plants Poisonous to Livestock, 2015. http://​www.​ansci.​cornell.​edu/​plants/​php/​plants.​php?​action=​display&​ispecies=​swine . Accessed 23 April 2015.
  Coyle, C.M., Mahanty, S., Zunt, J.R., Wallin, M.T. and Cantey, P.T., 2012. Neurocysticercosis: Neglected but Not Forgotten, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6 (5): e1500. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pntd.​0001500 .PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
  Depres E., Naves, M., Tamisier, F., Xande, A. and Rinaldo, D. with the technical collaboration of Marival, P., 1994. Growth performance and meat quality of large white and local pigs reared in the tropics, Livestock Research for Rural Development. http://​www.​fao.​org/​ag/​aga/​agap/​frg/​lrrd/​lrrd6/​2/​xande.​htm . Accessed 23 April 2015.
  Dewey, C.E. and Straw, B.E., 2006. Herd Examination. In: B.E. Straw, J.J. Zimmerman, S. D’Allaire, D.J. Taylor (eds), Diseases of Swine, 9th edition, 2006, (Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA), 5.
  Dewey, C.E., Wohlegemut, J.M., Levy, M., and Mutua, F.K., 2011. The impact of political crisis on smallholder pig farmers in Western Kenya, 2006–2008, Journal of Modern African Studies, 49, 3, 455–473.CrossRef
  Dourmad, J.Y., Etienne, M., Valancogne, A., Dubois, S., van Milgen, J. and Noblet, J., 2008. InraPorc: A model and decision support tool for the nutrition of sows, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 143, 72–386.CrossRef
  Eshitera, E. E., Githigia, S.M., Kitala, P., Thomas, L.F., Fèvre, E.M., Harrison, L.J.S., Mwihia, E.W. Otieno, R.O., Ojiambo, F. and Maingi, N., 2012. Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and associated risk factors in Homa Bay District, Kenya, BMC Veterinary Research 8 234. doi:10.​1186/​1746-6148-8-234 CrossRef
  Githigia, S.M., Murekefu, K., Willingham, A.L. and Otieno, R., 2006. Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and risk factors for Taenia solium cysticercosis/ taeniosis in three Divisions of Busia District, Kenya, Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 54, 224–229.
  Grageola, F., Sangines, L., Diaz, C., Gomez, A., Cervantes, M. and C. Lemus., 2010. The effect of breed and dietary level of avocado fat on the N and energy balance in young pigs, Journal of Animal Feed Sciences, 19, 37–49.
  Hale, O.M. and Marti, O.G., 1984. Influence of an experimental infection of Strongyloides ransomi on performance of pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 58, 1231–1235.PubMed
  Hale, O.M. and Stewart, T.B., 1979. Influence of an experimental infection of Trichuris suis on performance of pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 49, 1000–1005.PubMed
  Kaensombath, L., Neil, M. and Lindbergj, J.E., 2013. Effect of replacing soybean protein with protein from ensiled stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. var. guianensis) on growth performance, carcass traits and organ weights of exotic (Landrace × Yorkshire) and native (Moo Lath) Lao pigs, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 43, 865–871.CrossRef
  Kagira, J.J., Kanyari, P.W.N., Maingi, N., Githigia, S.M., Ng’ang’a, J.C. and Karuga, J., 2010. Characteristics of the smallholder free-range pig production system in western Kenya, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 865–873.PubMed CrossRef
  Kagira, J.M., Kanyari, P.N., Githigia, S.M., Maingi, N. and Ng’ang’a, J.C., 2012. Risk factors associated with occurrence of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District, Kenya, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 657–64.CrossRef
  Kambashi, B., Picron, P., Boudry, C., Théwis, A., Kiatoko, H. and Bindelle, J.,2014. Nutritive value of tropical forage plants fed to pigs in the Western provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 19, 47–56.CrossRef
  Kanengoni, A., Dzama, K., Chimonyo, M., Kusina, J. and Maswaure, G., 2004. Growth performance and carcass traits of Large White, Mukota and Large White x Mukota F1 crosses given graded levels of maize cob meal, Animal Science, 78, 61–11.
  Kanengoni, A.T., Chimonyo, M., Erlwanger, K.H., Ndimba, B.K. and Dzama, K., 2014. Growth performance, blood metabolic responses, and carcass characteristics of grower and finisher South African Windsnyer-type indigenous and Large White × Landrace crossbred pigs fed diets containing ensiled corncobs, Journal of Animal Science, 92, 5739–5748.PubMed CrossRef
  Kipper, M., Andretta, I., Gonzalez Monteiro, S., Lovatto, P.A. and Lehnen, C.R., 2011. Meta-analysis of the effects of endoparasites on pig performance, Veterinary Parasitology, 181, 316– 320.PubMed CrossRef
  Le Dividich, J., Sève, B. and Kempf, H., 1974. Essai d’utilisation de fortes proportions de mélasse de canne à sucre dans les rations du porcelet sevré à 5 semaines et du porc en croissance-finition, Journées de la Recherche Porcine, 199–207.
  Lekule, F.P. and Kyvsgaard, N.C., 2003. Improving pig husbandry in tropical resource-poor communities and its potential to reduce risk of porcine cysticercosis, Acta Tropica, 87, 111–117.PubMed CrossRef
  Lemus-Flores, C., Morals, R.A., Haro, J.G.H., Alonso-Spilsbury, M., Ramirez-Necoechea, R. and Mota-Rojas, D., 2005. Growth, Morphometry and Reproductive Performance of Creole Cuino Pigs in Mexico, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 4, 855–858.
  Len, N.T., Lindberg, J.E. and Ogle, B., 2007. Digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets containing different levels of fibre in local (Mong Cai), F1 (Mong Cai Yorkshire) and exotic (Landrace Yorkshire) growing pigs in Vietnam, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 91, 297–303.PubMed CrossRef
  Levy, M., Dewey, C., Weersink, A., Mutua, F., Carter, N. and Poljak Z., 2014. Evaluating critical factors to the economic feasibility of semi-intensive pig rearing in western Kenya. Journal of Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 797–808.PubMed CrossRef
  Mbuthia, J.M., Rewe, T.O. and Kahi, A.K., 2015. Evaluation of pig production practices, constraints and opportunities for improvement in smallholder production systems in Kenya, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47, 369–767.PubMed CrossRef
  Merriam-Webster Incorporated- an Encyclopedia Britannica Company. http://​www.​merriam-webster.​com/​dictionary/​indigenous . Accessed 31 May 2015.
  Mutua, F.K., Arimi, S.A., Ogara, W., Dewey, C. and Schelling, E., 2010. Farmer Perceptions on Indigenous Pig Farming in Kakamega District, Western Kenya, Nordic Journal of African Studies, 19,1, 43–57.
  Mutua, F.K., Dewey, C., Arimi, S., Ogara, W., Levy, M. and Schelling, E., 2012. A description of local pig feeding systems in village smallholder farms of Western Kenya, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 1157–1162.PubMed CrossRef
  National Research Council of the National Academies, 2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine, (The National Academies Press, Washington).
  Ndindana, W., Dzama, K., Ndiweni, P.N.B., Maswaure, S.M. and Chimonyo, M., 2002. Digestibility of high fibre diets and performance of growing Zimbabwean Mukota pigs and exotic Large White pigs, fed maize based diets with graded levels of maize cobs, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 97, 199–208.CrossRef
  Onyimonyi, A.E., Ugwu, S.O.C. and Machebe, N.S., 2010. Performance and linear measurements of growing pigs fed on basis of their body weight, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, 57–59.CrossRef
  Ouma, E., Dione, M., Lule, P., Pezo, D., Marshall, K., Roesel, K., Mayega, L., Kiryabwire, D., Nadiope, G. and Jagwe, J., 2014. Smallholder pig value chain assessment in Uganda: results from producer focus group discussions and key informant interviews, (International Livestock Research Institute Research Report, Nairobi, Kenya). http://​livestock-fish.​wikispaces.​com/​VCD+Uganda . Accessed 23 February 23 2015.
  Phengsavanh, P., Ogle, B., Stür, W., Frankow-Lindberg, B.E. and Lindberg, J.E, 2010. Feeding and performance of pigs in smallholder production systems in Northern Lao PDR, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1627–1633.PubMed CrossRef
  Pouedet, M.S.R., Zoli, A.P., Vondou, L., Assana, E., Speybroeck, N., Berkvens, D., Dorny, P., Brandt, J. and Geerts, S., 2002. Epidemiological survey of swine cysticercosis in two rural communities of West-Cameroon, Veterinary Parasitology, 106, 45–54.PubMed CrossRef
  Ravindran, V., 1993. Cassava leaves as animal feed: Potential and limitations, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 61, 141–150.CrossRef
  Ravindran, V., Kornegay, E.T., Rajaguru, A.S.B. and Notter, D.R., 1987. Cassava leaf meal as a replacement for coconut oil meal in pig diets, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 41, 45–53.CrossRef
  Sarwat, S.V., Kakala, S.N. and Kategile, J.A., 1988. Performance of growing - finishing pigs when fed diets containing fresh cassava leaves and roots, East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 53,111–115.
  Seerley, R.W., Emerick, R.J., Embry, L.B. and O.E. Olson, 1965. Effect of nitrate or nitrite administered continuously in drinking water for swine and sheep, Journal of Animal Science, 24, 1014–1019.
  Sikasunge, C.S., Phiri, I.K., Phiri, A.M., Dorny, P., Siziya, S. and Willingham, A.L. III, 2007. Risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis in selected districts of Eastern and Southern provinces of Zambia, Veterinary Parasitology, 143, 59–66.PubMed CrossRef
  Skinner, S.A., Weersink, A. and de Lange, C.F., 2012. Impact of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on ration and fertilizer costs of swine, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60, 335–356.CrossRef
  Thomas, L.F., de Glanville, W.A., Cook, A. and Fevre, E.M. The spatial ecology of free-ranging domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) in western Kenya. In: BMC Veterinary Research, 2013. http://​www.​biomedcentral.​com/​1746-6148/​9/​46 . Accessed 23 April 2015.
  Van, B.H. and Men, L.T.,1992. Feeding of sugar cane juice and “A” molasses to fattening pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development http://​www.​lrrd.​org/​lrrd4/​3/​viet4.​htm . Accessed 23 April 2015.
  Van Kempen, T., 2001. Is Fibre Good for the Pig? In: Swine News. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. http://​www.​ncsu.​edu/​project/​swine_​extension/​swine_​news/​2001/​sn_​v2407.​htm . Accessed 23 April 2015.
  Widdowson, M.A., Cook, A.J.C., Williams, J.J., Argaes, F., Rodriguez, I., Dominguez, J.L. and Rodriguez, R., 2000. Investigation of risk factors for porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis: a multiple regression analysis of a cross-sectional study in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94, 620–624.CrossRef
  Williams, N.H., Stahly, T.S. and Zimmerman, D.R., 1997a. Effect of chronic immune system activation on the rate, efficiency, and composition of growth and lysine needs of pigs fed from 6 to 27 kg, Journal of Animal Science, 75, 2463–2471.PubMed
  Williams, N.H., Stahly, T.S. and Zimmerman, D.R., 1997b. Effect of chronic immune system activation on body nitrogen retention, partial efficiency of lysine utilization, and lysine needs of pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 75, 2472–2480.PubMed
  
• 作者单位：Natalie Ann Carter (1) (2)
  Catherine Elizabeth Dewey (1)
  Lian Francesca Thomas (2) (3)
  Ben Lukuyu (2)
  Delia Grace (2)
  Cornelis de Lange (4)
  
  1. Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
  2. International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
  3. Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
  4. Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
  
• 刊物类别：Medicine
• 刊物主题：Medicine & Public Health
  Veterinary medicine
  Zoology
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-7438

文摘

Growth performance of pigs on smallholder farms in the tropics is low. Lack of feedstuffs, seasonal feed shortages, and feeding nutritionally unbalanced diets contribute to slow growth. Low-cost balanced diets are needed to improve pig performance. In this study, we estimated the nutrient requirements of local pigs on smallholder farms in Kenya and developed balanced low-cost diets using seasonally available local feedstuffs. Diets were formulated to provide pigs with 80 % of the nutrient density in corn and soybean meal-based (reference) diets to minimize the cost per unit of energy and other nutrients. Estimated requirements for starting and growing pigs (8 to 35 kg body weight) were as follows: digestible energy (DE) 2960 kcal/kg of dry matter (DM), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) lysine 5.8 g/kg of DM, calcium 2.8 g/kg of DM, standardized total tract digestible (STTD) phosphorous 1.4 g/kg of DM, and crude protein 85 g/kg of DM. Nutrient requirements of local pigs on smallholder farms in Kenya were lower than those of exotic breed pigs raised in commercial settings. Seasonally available local feedstuffs were used to develop low-cost balanced diets. Twenty-two diets are presented based on season, cost, and feedstuff availability. This study has broad applicability as a case study of an approach that could be applied in other tropical regions in which smallholder pig keeping is practiced and where local feedstuffs for pigs are available seasonally. Keywords Nutrient requirements Pigs Sub-Saharan Africa Diet Feeding stuffs Subsistence farmers