Controllability and stability of primary frequency control from thermostatic loads with delays

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• 作者：Charalampos ZIRAS ; Evangelos VRETTOS…
• 关键词：Primary frequency control ; Stability ; Controllability ; Delay ; Thermostatically controlled loads
• 刊名：Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：January 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：5
• 期：1
• 页码：43-54
• 全文大小：2289KB
• 刊物主题：Energy Systems; Renewable and Green Energy; Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and Networks;
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：2196-5420
• 卷排序：5

文摘

There is an increasing interest in exploiting the flexibility of loads to provide ancillary services to the grid. In this paper we study how response delays and lockout constraints affect the controllability of an aggregation of refrigerators offering primary frequency control (PFC). First we examine the effect of delays in PFC provision from an aggregation of refrigerators, using a two-area power system. We propose a framework to systematically address frequency measurement and response delays and we determine safe values for the total delays via simulations. We introduce a controllability index to evaluate PFC provision under lockout constraints of refrigerators compressors. We conduct extensive simulations to study the effects of measurement delay, ramping times, lockout durations and rotational inertia on the controllability of the aggregation and system stability. Finally, we discuss solutions for offering reliable PFC provision from thermostatically controlled loads under lockout constraints and we propose a supervisory control to enhance the robustness of their controllers.