参考文献:1.Lohse N, Hansen AB, Gerstoft J, Obel N. Improved survival in HIV-infected persons: consequences and perspectives. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:461鈥?.CrossRef PubMed 2.Palella FJ Jr, Baker RK, Moorman AC, et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:27鈥?4.CrossRef PubMed 3.Borrell C, Rodr铆guez-Sanz M, Pasar铆n MI, et al. AIDS mortality before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy: does it vary with socioeconomic group in a country with a National Health System? Eur J Public Health. 2006;16:601鈥?.CrossRef PubMed 4.Boesecke C, Cooper DA. Toxicity of HIV protease inhibitors: clinical considerations. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008;3:653鈥?.CrossRef PubMed 5.Cooper CL. HIV antiretroviral medications and hepatotoxicity. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2007;2:466鈥?3.CrossRef PubMed 6.Chihrin S, Antoniou T, Raboud J, et al. Risk factors for grade 3鈥? liver enzyme elevation in HIV and hepatitis C coinfected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007;21:469鈥?8.CrossRef PubMed 7.Torti C, Lapadula G, Casari S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevation during highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-HCV co-infected patients: results from the Italian EPOKA-MASTER Cohort. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:58.PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed 8.Abrescia N, D鈥橝bbraccio M, Figoni M, Busto A, Maddaloni A, De Marco M. Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11:3697鈥?10.CrossRef PubMed 9.Kontorinis N. Dieterich D hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Rev. 2003;5:36鈥?3.PubMed 10.Dore G. Antiretroviral therapy-related hepatotoxicity: predictors and clinical management. J HIV Ther. 2003;8:96鈥?00.PubMed 11.Sulkowski MS. Management of hepatic complications in HIV-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:S279鈥?3.CrossRef PubMed 12.N煤帽ez M. Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanisms and management. J Hepatol. 2006;44:S132鈥?.CrossRef PubMed 13.Gressner AM, Gao CF, Gressner OA. Non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring the fibrogenic process in liver: a short survey. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:2433鈥?0.PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed 14.Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM, et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29:1705鈥?3.CrossRef PubMed 15.Erhardt A, Lorke J, Vogt C, et al. Transient elastography for diagnosing liver cirrhosis [in German]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006;131:2765鈥?.CrossRef PubMed 16.Castera L, Vergniol J, Foucher J, et al. Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:343鈥?0.CrossRef PubMed 17.Foucher J, Chanteloup E, Vergniol J, et al. Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study. Gut. 2006;55:403鈥?.PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed 18.Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38:518鈥?6.CrossRef PubMed 19.Gu茅chot J, Serfaty L, Bonnand AM, Chazouill猫res O, Poupon RE, Poupon R. Prognostic value of serum hyaluronan in patients with compensated HCV cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2000;32:447鈥?2.CrossRef PubMed 20.Adams LA, Bulsara M, Rossi E, et al. Hepascore: an accurate validated predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Chem. 2005;51:1867鈥?3.CrossRef PubMed 21.McDonald H, Borinskya S, Kiryanov N, Gil A, Helander A, Leon DA. Comparative performance of biomarkers of alcohol consumption in a population sample of working-aged men in Russia: the Izhevsk Family Study. Addiction. 2013;108:1579鈥?9.PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed 22.Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43:1317鈥?5.CrossRef PubMed 23.Kim JH, Psevdos G Jr, Gonzalez E, Singh S, Kilayko MC, Sharp V. All-cause mortality in hospitalized HIV-infected patients at an acute tertiary care hospital with a comprehensive outpatient HIV care program in New York City in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Infection. 2013;41:545鈥?1.CrossRef PubMed 24.Prosperi MC, Fabbiani M, Fanti I, et al. Predictors of first-line antiretroviral therapy discontinuation due to drug-related adverse events in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:296.PubMed Central CrossRef PubMed 25.Casado JL. Liver toxicity in HIV-infected patients receiving novel second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors etravirine and rilpivirine. AIDS Rev. 2013;15:139鈥?5.PubMed 26.Bravo AA, Sheth SG, Chopra S. Liver biopsy. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:495鈥?00.CrossRef PubMed 27.Mederacke I, Wursthorn K, Kirschner J, et al. Food intake increases liver stiffness in patients with chronic or resolved hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int. 2009;29:1500鈥?.CrossRef PubMed 28.Millonig G, Reimann FM, Friedrich S, et al. Extrahepatic cholestasis increases liver stiffness (FibroScan) irrespective of fibrosis. Hepatology. 2008;48:1718鈥?3.CrossRef PubMed 29.Sagir A, Erhardt A, Schmitt M, Haussinger D. Transient elastography is unreliable for detection of cirrhosis in patients with acute liver damage. Hepatology. 2008;47:592鈥?.CrossRef PubMed 30.Alkhouri N, Sedki E, Alisi A, et al. Combined paediatric NAFLD fibrosis index and transient elastography to predict clinically significant fibrosis in children with fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2013;33:79鈥?5.CrossRef PubMed 31.Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA. 2000;283:74鈥?0.CrossRef PubMed 32.Wit FW, Weverling GJ, Weel J, Jurriaans S, Lange JM. Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral combination therapy. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:23鈥?1.CrossRef PubMed 33.Akhtar MA, Mathieson K, Arey B, et al. Hepatic histopathology and clinical characteristics associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients without viral hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20:1194鈥?04.CrossRef PubMed 34.Bruno R, Sacchi P, Maiocchi L, Patruno S, Filice G. Hepatotoxicity and antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors: a review. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38:363鈥?3.CrossRef PubMed 35.Orenstein R, Tsogas N. Looking beyond highly active antiretroviral therapy: drug-related hepatotoxicity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22:1468鈥?8.CrossRef PubMed 36.Yeh RF, Gaver VE, Patterson KB, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir induces the hepatic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 but inhibits the hepatic and intestinal activity of CYP3A as measured by a phenotyping drug cocktail in healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;42:52鈥?0.PubMed
Introduction Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is effective and well tolerated, but hepatotoxicity is relatively common. Different non-invasive methods are available for detecting liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease.