- journal_title：Vadose Zone Journal
- Contributor：Lehua Pan ; Jiming Jin ; Norman Miller ; Yu-Shu Wu ; Gudmundur Bodvarsson
- Publisher：Soil Science Society of America
- Date：2008-
- Format：text/html
- Language：en
- Identifier：10.2136/vzj2006.0106
- journal_abbrev：Vadose Zone Journal
- issn：1539-1663
- volume：7
- issue：1
- firstpage：325
- section：SPECIAL SECTION: TOUGH2
An understanding of the hydrologic interactions among atmosphere, land surface, and subsurface is one of the keys to understanding the water cycling system that supports our life system on earth. Properly modeling such interactions is a difficult task because of the inherent coupled processes and complex feedback structures among subsystems. In this paper, we present a model that simulates the land-surface and subsurface hydrologic response to meteorological forcing. This model combines a state-of-the-art land-surface model, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3), with a variably saturated groundwater model, TOUGH2, through an internal interface that includes flux and state variables shared by the two submodels. Specifically, TOUGH2 in its simulation uses infiltration, evaporation, and root-uptake rates, calculated by CLM3, as source–sink terms; CLM3 in its simulation uses saturation and capillary pressure profiles, calculated by TOUGH2, as state variables. This new model, CLMT2, preserves the best aspects of both submodels: the state-of-the-art modeling capability of surface energy and hydrologic processes from CLM3 and the more realistic physical process–based modeling capability of subsurface hydrologic processes from TOUGH2. The preliminary simulation results show that the coupled model greatly improves the predictions of the water table, evapotranspiration, surface temperature, and moisture in the top 20 cm of soil at a real watershed, as evaluated from 18 yr of observed data. The new model is also ready to be coupled with an atmospheric simulation model, representing one of the first models capable of simulating hydraulic processes from the top of the atmosphere to deep ground.