Innovation in Photovoltaic Science,Engineering,and Policy: A Potential Trillion-Dollar Global Industry for Sustainable Energy.
详细信息
文摘
The solar photovoltaic PV) technology was an expensive niche energy source only for satellite applications,hallmarked by the Bell Labs launch of the Telstar satellite with PV cells in 1962. Over the past decades,the accumulation of vast amount of effort across various disciplines in science,engineering,and policy has enabled the phenomenal growth of the solar PV industry into a global enterprise with about 140 gigawatt GW) of cumulative installations by the end of 2013. Further cost reduction through innovation holds the promise in deploying terawatt TW)-scale solar PV systems globally in both developed and developing countries,meeting growing energy demand and mitigating climate change. Chapter 1 presents a big picture view of the unsustainable path,heavily relying on fossil fuels,in the current global energy landscape. The main body of the dissertation examines the solar PV technology from a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective: from the basic research,to innovations in manufacturing and installing PV modules,to the driving energy policies. Chapter 2 offers a fundamental understanding of the PV technology and a review on recent scientific advances in improving PV efficiency W/m 2). Chapter 3 reviews the state-of-the-art process flow in manufacturing commercial PV modules. In the context of pursuing further reduction in manufacturing cost $/m2),the thin Si film concept and its recent research effort are reviewed. Aiming to explore novel ways to produce high-quality seed crystals for thin Si film deposition,the key findings of the laser crystallization experiment is presented in Chapter 4. The fundamental thermophysics of nucleation and crystal growth is first reviewed,which highlights the importance of temperature evolution and heat transport in modelling the ultrafast laser crystallization process. Laser crystallization of a range of Si nanostructures are then carried out to study the nucleation and crystal growth behavior under some novel conditions,such as suspended narrow Si membranes and Si nanoparticles confined on top of oxide nanostructures. The cost of a PV module $/W) is determined by both its rated efficiency W/m2) and its manufacturing cost $/m2). However,the same PV module with the same cost can lead to significantly different levelized cost of electricity LCOE) in $/kWh,depending on the location and configuration of the installed PV system. Chapter 5 starts with an overview of the geographic distribution of solar resources and retail electricity rates,which yield a range of grid parity points across the world. Then,energy yield simulations for different PV panel tilt configurations are carried out using the angle-and-wavelength-resolved solar irradiance data,to examine the effect of angular and spectral variations in the solar spectrum on system performance. Energy policies have been the driving forces for the phenomenal progress of the PV technology: the continuing reduction in cost and the rapid growth in deployment. Chapter 6 first reviews major policy instruments for PV,and then discusses about a few important policy lessons from the rapid development of the global PV industry during 2000-2013. Concerned with the mounting fiscal pressure from deployment incentives and focused on further cost reductions,an innovation-focused policy framework is proposed to revive the PV manufacturing sector and to pursue an innovation-driven global PV industry moving forward.