文摘
This studys purpose was to investigate the importance of mentoring functions and behaviors for lifelong career development as perceived by proté;gé;s. The population included individuals in middle to late adulthood age 40 years and older) who reported they had been a proté;gé; in at least one mentoring association perceived as beneficial to their lifelong career development; and were either employed or had been employed as a middle manager, senior manager, C-level executive, business owner, or member of a profession. The sample was obtained using a chain-sample method; 67 Ambassadors completed an online survey and each invited 10 contacts to complete the survey. The final number of respondents was 503; of these, 456 reported being a proté;gé;. Data were collected using the Perceptions of Workplace Mentoring Behaviors PWMB) scale, a modification of Noes 1988) Mentoring Functions Scale. The online survey included the PWMB scale items plus questions designed to engage the respondents autobiographical memory and questions regarding respondent and mentoring association characteristics. The PWMB scale included seven new items, posited by the expert panel, enhancing the teaching aspect of mentoring. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted comparing four tenable models for the PWMB scale. The 8-factor model, which was essentially the proté;gé;s view of Krams 1985) mentoring functions model and included the seven newly developed items, exhibited the best fit of the four possible models. Results indicated that proté;gé;s perceived three factors from the Psychosocial category Role Model, Acceptance-and-Confirmation, and Relationship Fundamentals) as most important to their lifelong career development. Effective Development Opportunities was perceived as the most important factor from the Career category. Professional Issue Counseling from the Psychosocial category was perceived as the least important factor. Significant differences were found for five of six independent variables proté;gé; gender, mentor gender, dyad, proté;gé;s mentor group, and birth decade) at the item level and for four of six independent variables proté;gé; gender, dyad, proté;gé;s mentor group, and decade of birth) at the factor level. Implications included designing mentoring programs that provide opportunities for mentors and proté;gé;s to develop relationships rather than directly assigning proté;gé;s to mentors.