Tibetan Buddhism in Ming China.
详细信息
- 作者：Toh ; Hoong Teik.
- 学历：Doctor
- 年：2004
- 导师：van der Kuijp, Leonard
- 毕业院校：Harvard University
- 专业：History, Ancient.
- ISBN：049679292X
- CBH：3132052
- Country：USA
- 语种：English
- FileSize：9082187
- Pages：268
文摘
This dissertation investigates the influences of Tibetan Buddhism in Ming China (1368--1644). It points out that in Ming China, there was an increased "Tibetanization" of India as well as an increased "Sinicization" of Tibetan monks. The first refers to the fact that Tibetan Buddhism was promoted to a status equal to Indian Buddhism and the sacred land of Buddhism was thus shifted from India to Tibet at a time when much of India had been conquered by Islamic forces. The second refers not to the fact that more and more Tibetans were sinicized culturally, but rather that the Chinese made up larger and larger proportion of the whole population of the so-called "Tibetan monks" in Ming China. That is to say, more and more "Tibetan monks" in China were in fact Chinese. The Chinese were attracted by Tibetan Buddhism mainly by its esotericism which they supposed had been less successfully transmitted from India to China in the past. In Ming times, the study of the Tibetan language and tantric formulae had become such a vogue that there were more and more Chinese who desired to be honored as "Tibetan masters". They bore Tibetan names and dressed like Tibetans. This was later forbidden by the Ming government and these "Tibetans" were banished to the borderlands, giving rise to a special class of lama diplomats and lama spies---Chinese, Mongols and Manchus---on the frontiers who played a significant role in the Sino-Mongolian and Sino-Manchu military conflicts in the 16th--17 th centuries. On the other hand, Tibetan pilgrims continued to be active in Zhejiang and her sacred islet Putuoshan---the famous site for the cult of Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara---up until the late Ming. Another striking phenomenon of this period is what may be termed "religious duality" as displayed by the eunuch admiral Zheng He (1371--1435), who led the epoch-making seafaring campaigns via the South China Seas and the Indian Ocean in 1405--1433, and by Emperor Wuzong. Both were Muslim as well as Tibetan Buddhist.