An
L(2,1)-labeling of a graph
G is a function
f from the vertex set
V(G) to the set of all nonnegative integers such that
|f(x)−f(y)|≥2 if
d(x,y)=1 and
|f(x)−f(y)|≥1 if
d(x,y)=2, where
d(x,y) denotes the distance between
x and
y in
53c8af9bd0c75" title="Click to view the MathML source" alt="Click to view the MathML source">G. The
L(2,1)-labeling number
λ(G) of
G is the smallest number
k such that
G has an
L(2,1)-labeling with
53c508e0bc6e7f1e60" title="Click to view the MathML source" alt="Click to view the MathML source">max{f(v):v
V(G)}=k. Griggs and Yeh conjecture that
λ(G)≤Δ2 for any simple graph with maximum degree
c35c" title="Click to view the MathML source" alt="Click to view the MathML source">Δ≥2. This paper considers the graph formed by the skew product and the converse skew product of two graphs with a new approach on the analysis of adjacency matrices of the graphs as in [W.C. Shiu, Z. Shao, K.K. Poon, D. Zhang, A new approach to the
L(2,1)-labeling of some products of graphs, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Express Briefs (to appear)] and improves the previous upper bounds significantly.