To overcome these hurdles, we developed a method to measure the CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses directly ex vivo. Skin biopsies taken from dendritic cell (DC)-induced DTH reactions from melanoma patients participating in a DC-clinical trial served as lymphocyte source. Antigen-specificity of skin infiltrating lymphocytes was investigated by coculture with antigen-presenting autologous B cells and assessed for CD137 upregulation and enhanced cytokine secretion.
Using this approach we could detect treatment-specific CD8+ T-cells without restimulation in vitro. Upregulation of the activation marker CD137 correlated with the upregulation of the lytic marker CD107a. CD137 upregulation by treatment-specific CD4+ lymphocytes however was more pronounced after antigen-specific in vitro restimulation. Both CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes could be further expanded using the same B cells as for screening allowing characterization of the recognized antigenic region. In addition, this technique can be extended to detect a broader array of T-cell functions and to monitor a large cohort of patients.
We believe that this approach of direct ex vivo monitoring, irrespective of the patient's HLA-type or the recognized peptide, and using a limited number of lymphocytes is a valuable tool in the immune monitoring of current cellular immunotherapies.