Drugs and personal care products as ubiquitous pollutants: occurrence and distribution of clofibric acid, caffeine and DEET in the North Sea
- 作者：Weigel ; Stefan ; Kuhlmann ; Jan ; Hü ; hnerfuss ; Heinrich
- 关键词：Solid-phase extraction ; Seawater ; Contamination ; Pharmaceuticals ; Clofibric acid ; Diclofenac ; Ibuprofen ; Caffeine ; DEET
- 刊名：The Science of the Total Environment
- 出版年：2002
- 期刊代码：63_00489697
- 类别：env
- 出版时间：August 5, 2002
- 卷：295
- 期：1-3
- 页码：131-141
- 文件大小：236 K
摘要
An analytical method is presented, which allows the simultaneous extraction of neutral and acidic compounds from 20-L seawater samples at ambient pH (
8.3). It is based on a solid-phase extraction by means of a polystyrene–divinylbenzene sorbent and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection, and provides detection limits in the lower pg/L range. The method was applied to the screening of samples from different North Sea areas for clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, propyphenazone, caffeine and N,N-diethyl-3-toluamide (DEET). Whereas clofibric acid, caffeine and DEET showed to be present throughout the North Sea in concentrations of up to 1.3, 16 and 1.1 ng/L, respectively, propyphenazone could only be detected after further clean-up. Diclofenac and ibuprofen were found in the estuary of the river Elbe (6.2 and 0.6 ng/L, respectively) but in none of the marine samples. Ketoprofen was below the detection limit in all samples.
8.3). It is based on a solid-phase extraction by means of a polystyrene–divinylbenzene sorbent and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection, and provides detection limits in the lower pg/L range. The method was applied to the screening of samples from different North Sea areas for clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, propyphenazone, caffeine and N,N-diethyl-3-toluamide (DEET). Whereas clofibric acid, caffeine and DEET showed to be present throughout the North Sea in concentrations of up to 1.3, 16 and 1.1 ng/L, respectively, propyphenazone could only be detected after further clean-up. Diclofenac and ibuprofen were found in the estuary of the river Elbe (6.2 and 0.6 ng/L, respectively) but in none of the marine samples. Ketoprofen was below the detection limit in all samples.