The role of fire and nutrient loss in the genesis of the forest soils of Tasmania and southern New Zealand

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• 作者：Peter D. McIntosh ; Mike D. Laffan and Allan E. Hewitt
• 关键词：Burning ; Fire ; Texture-contrast soils ; Australia ; New Zealand ; Landscape ; Eucalypt forest ; Clay eluviation ; Aborigine
• 刊名：Forest Ecology and Management
• 出版年：2005
• 期刊代码：54_03781127
• 类别：abs
• 出版时间：2005
• 卷：220
• 期：1-3
• 页码：185-215
• 文件大小：1242 K

摘要

The dominant soil patterns in forested or previously forested landscapes in southern New Zealand and Tasmania are described. Soil properties on adjacent sunny and shady aspects in hill country of the South Island of New Zealand are compared to soil properties under adjacent ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ eucalypt forest in Tasmania.

A soil contrast index or SCI is defined for comparing soil contrasts on parent materials of different absolute nutrient contents. Three soil groups are defined using the SCI. Group 1 soil pairs are stable New Zealand soils in which exchangeable Ca + Mg + K values are higher on drier sunny aspects than on moister shady aspects. Group 2 soil pairs are New Zealand soils in which soils on sunny aspects display evidence of topsoil erosion by wind; consequently some soil pairs on dry (sunny) aspects have lower levels of exchangeable Ca + Mg + K than soils on moister (shady) aspects. Group 3 soil pairs are Tasmanian. Soils on drier sites (under dry eucalypt forest) invariably have lower exchangeable Ca + Mg + K values than soils on moister sites (under wet eucalypt forest), which is the reverse of the pattern in SCI Group 1 soils in New Zealand.

Except on clay-rich parent materials, Tasmanian soils under dry forest generally have texture-contrast profiles and a mean C/N ratio in topsoils (A1 horizons) of 29. Soils under wet forest generally have uniform or gradational texture profiles and a mean topsoil C/N ratio of 15. The texture-contrast soils show strong clay eluviation with sand or sandy loam textures in upper horizons and clayey textures in lower horizons. However, in New Zealand texture-contrast soils are all but absent, and do not occur in the previously forested areas described in this paper. Topsoils (Ah horizons and soils sampled to 7.5 cm depth) in New Zealand areas sampled in this study have a mean C/N ratio of 15, regardless of whether they occur on sunny or shady aspects.

We propose that the frequency and spatial occurrence of fire are the dominant processes causing: (1) the marked difference in levels of nutrients and different topsoil C/N ratios in soils of Tasmania; (2) the development of texture-contrast soils under dry forests in Tasmania; and (3) the difference between soil patterns in New Zealand and Tasmania. Fire depletes nutrients in forests by causing losses to the atmosphere, losses by runoff, and losses by leaching. Nutrient loss by fire encourages fire-tolerant vegetation adapted to lower soil nutrient status, so frequent fire is a feedback mechanism that causes progressive soil nutrient depletion. By destroying organic matter and diminishing organic matter supply to the soil surface fire inhibits clay–organic matter linkages and soil faunal mixing and promotes clay eluviation. Fire frequency is likely to have increased markedly with the arrival of humans at ca. 34 000 years B.P. in Tasmania and ca. 800 years B.P. in New Zealand. We argue that texture-contrast soils have not formed in New Zealand because of the short history of frequent fires in that country. A corollary of this conclusion is that texture-contrast soils in Tasmania are, at least in part, anthropogenic in origin.