Evaluation of carcinogenic hazard of diesel engine exhaust needs to consider revolutionary changes in diesel technology

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• 作者：Roger O. McClellan^a ; ^{roger.o.mcclellan@att.net} ; Thomas W. Hesterberg^b ; ^{tom.hesterberg@navistar.com} ; John C. Wall^c ; ^{john.c.wall@cummins.com}
• 关键词：Cancer hazard ; Diesel exhaust ; Gasoline exhaust ; Engine technology ; Diesel particulate filter ; Three-way catalyst ; Ultra-low sulfur fuel ; National Ambient Air Quality Standards ; Particulate matter ; Nitrogen dioxide
• 刊名：Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
• 出版年：2012
• 期刊代码：57_02732300
• 类别：pha
• 出版时间：July, 2012
• 卷：63
• 期：2
• 页码：225-258
• 文件大小：1724 K

摘要

Diesel engines, a special type of internal combustion engine, use heat of compression, rather than electric spark, to ignite hydrocarbon fuels injected into the combustion chamber. Diesel engines have high thermal efficiency and thus, high fuel efficiency. They are widely used in commerce prompting continuous improvement in diesel engines and fuels. Concern for health effects from exposure to diesel exhaust arose in the mid-1900s and stimulated development of emissions regulations and research to improve the technology and characterize potential health hazards. This included epidemiological, controlled human exposure, laboratory animal and mechanistic studies to evaluate potential hazards of whole diesel exhaust. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (1989) classified whole diesel exhaust as - 鈥減robably carcinogenic to humans鈥? This classification stimulated even more stringent regulations for particulate matter that required further technological developments. These included improved engine control, improved fuel injection system, enhanced exhaust cooling, use of ultra low sulfur fuel, wall-flow high-efficiency exhaust particulate filters, exhaust catalysts, and crankcase ventilation filtration. The composition of New Technology Diesel Exhaust (NTDE) is qualitatively different and the concentrations of particulate constituents are more than 90%lower than for Traditional Diesel Exhaust (TDE). We recommend that future reviews of carcinogenic hazards of diesel exhaust evaluate NTDE separately from TDE.