Low-frequency sonophoresis: Current status and future prospects
- 作者：Makoto Ogura ; Sumit Paliwal ; Samir Mitragotri
- 关键词：Ultrasound ; Cavitation ; Transdermal delivery ; Skin
- 刊名：Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
- 出版年：2008
- 期刊代码：2_0169409x
- 类别：bio
- 出版时间：30 June 2008
- 卷：60
- 期：10
- 页码：1218-1223
- 文件大小：156 K
摘要
Application of ultrasound enhances skin permeability to drugs, a phenomenon referred to as sonophoresis. Significant strides have been made in sonophoresis research in recent years, especially under low-frequency conditions (20 kHz < f < 100 kHz). This article reviews the mechanistic principles and current status of sonophoresis under low-frequency conditions. Several therapeutic macromolecules including insulin, low-molecular weight heparin, and vaccines have been delivered using low-frequency sonophoresis in vivo. Clinical trials have been performed with several drugs including lidocaine and cyclosporin. Novel theoretical and experimental approaches have provided insights into the mechanisms of low-frequency sonophoresis. Current understanding of these mechanisms is presented.