The breathing pattern and the ventilatory response to aquatic and aerial hypoxia and hypercarbia in the frog Pipa carvalhoi

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• 作者：Elisa M. Fonseca^a ; Glauber S.F. da Silva^b ; Marcelo Fernandes^c ; Humberto Giusti^b ; Carolina R. Noronha-de-Souza^a ; Mogens L. Glass^b ; Kê ; nia C. Bí ; cego^a ; Luciane H. Gargaglioni^a ; ^{lucihel@fcav.unesp.br}
• 关键词：Pipidae ; Hypercarbia ; Pulmonary ventilation ; Hypoxia ; Amphibian
• 刊名：Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A ; Molecular & Integrative Physiology
• 出版年：2012
• 期刊代码：23_10956433
• 类别：abs
• 出版时间：July, 2012
• 卷：162
• 期：3
• 页码：281-287
• 文件大小：864 K

摘要

Anuran amphibians are known to exhibit an intermittent pattern of pulmonary ventilation and to exhibit an increased ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercarbia. However, only a few species have been studied to date. The aquatic frog Pipa carvalhoi inhabits lakes, ponds and marshes that are rich in nutrients but low in Ob>2b>. There are no studies of the respiratory pattern of this species and its ventilation during hypoxia or hypercarbia. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to characterize the breathing pattern and the ventilatory response to aquatic and aerial hypoxia and hypercarbia in this species. With this purpose, pulmonary ventilation (Vb>Ib>) was directly measured by the pneumotachograph method during normocapnic normoxia to determine the basal respiratory pattern and during aerial and aquatic hypercarbia (5%COb>2b>) and hypoxia (5%Ob>2b>). Our data demonstrate that P. carvalhoi exhibits a periodic breathing pattern composed of single events (single breaths) of pulmonary ventilation separated by periods of apnea. The animals had an enhanced Vb>Ib> during aerial hypoxia, but not during aquatic hypoxia. This increase was strictly the result of an increase in the breathing frequency. A pronounced increase in Vb>Ib> was observed if the animals were simultaneously exposed to aerial and aquatic hypercarbia, whereas small or no ventilatory responses were observed during separately administered aerial or aquatic hypercarbia. P. carvalhoi primarily inhabits an aquatic environment. Nevertheless, it does not respond to low Ob>2b> levels in water, although it does so in air. The observed ventilatory responses to hypercarbia may indicate that this species is similar to other anurans in possessing central chemoreceptors.