Cryptorchidism and endocrine disrupting chemicals
- 作者：Helena E. Virtanen ; helena.virtanen@utu.fi ; Annika Adamsson
- 关键词：AGD ; anogenital distance ; AGI ; anogenital index ; AhR ; aryl hydrocarbon receptor ; AMH ; anti-Mü ; llerian hormone ; AR ; androgen receptor ; ARNT ; aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator ; BBP ; benzyl butyl phthalate ; CGRP ; calcitonin gene-related pept
- 刊名：Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
- 出版年：2012
- 期刊代码：109_03037207
- 类别：bio
- 出版时间：22 May, 2012
- 卷：355
- 期：2
- 页码：208-220
- 文件大小：305 K
摘要
Prospective clinical studies have suggested that the rate of congenital cryptorchidism has increased since the 1950s. It has been hypothesized that this may be related to environmental factors. Testicular descent occurs in two phases controlled by Leydig cell-derived hormones insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and testosterone. Disorders in fetal androgen production/action or suppression of Insl3 are mechanisms causing cryptorchidism in rodents. In humans, prenatal exposure to potent estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) has been associated with increased risk of cryptorchidism. In addition, epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to pesticides may also be associated with cryptorchidism. Some case-control studies analyzing environmental chemical levels in maternal breast milk samples have reported associations between cryptorchidism and chemical levels. Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure levels of some chemicals may be associated with infant reproductive hormone levels.