Morphology of the external genitalia of the adult male and female mice as an endpoint of sex differentiation

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• 作者：Dana A. Weiss^a ; Esequiel Rodriguez Jr.^a ; Tristan Cunha^a ; Julia Menshenina^a ; Dale Barcellos^b ; Lok Yun Chan^b ; Gail Risbridger^c ; Laurence Baskin^a ; Gerald Cunha^a ; ^{cunhag@urology.ucsf.edu}
• 关键词：Penis ; Clitoris ; External genitalia ; Genital tubercle ; Sex differentiation
• 刊名：Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
• 出版年：2012
• 期刊代码：109_03037207
• 类别：bio
• 出版时间：6 May, 2012
• 卷：354
• 期：1-2
• 页码：94-102
• 文件大小：1842 K

摘要

Adult external genitalia (ExG) are the endpoints of normal sex differentiation. Detailed morphometric analysis and comparison of adult mouse ExG has revealed 10 homologous features distinguishing the penis and clitoris that define masculine vs. feminine sex differentiation. These features have enabled the construction of a simple metric to evaluate various intersex conditions in mutant or hormonally manipulated mice. This review focuses on the morphology of the adult mouse penis and clitoris through detailed analysis of histologic sections, scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. We also present previous results from evaluation of 鈥渘on-traditional鈥?mammals, such as the spotted hyena and wallaby to demonstrate the complex process of sex differentiation that involves not only androgen-dependent processes, but also estrogen-dependent and hormone-independent mechanisms.