Novel evidence of the involvement of calreticulin in major psychiatric disorders

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• 作者：M. Ohadi^a ; ¹ ; ^{rahaannn@yahoo.com} ; A. Mirabzadeh^b ; ¹ ; E. Esmaeilzadeh-Gharehdaghi^a ; M. Rezazadeh^a ; S. Hosseinkhanni^c ; M. Oladnabi^a ; S. Ghasemi Firouzabadi^a ; H. Darvish^a
• 关键词：CALR ; calreticulin ; ER ; endoplasmic reticulum ; GABA ; gamma amino butyric acid ; IVS ; intervening sequence ; MDD ; major depressive disorder ; RREB-1 ; Ras-responsive element binding protein-1 ; VPA ; valproic acid
• 刊名：Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
• 出版年：2012
• 期刊代码：222_02785846
• 类别：med
• 出版时间：1 June, 2012
• 卷：37
• 期：2
• 页码：276-281
• 文件大小：522 K

摘要

Calreticulin (CALR) is a multi-functional protein that is strictly conserved across species. Two mRNA transcripts have been recognized for the CALR gene in humans, which use a common promoter sequence. We have recently reported mutations in the CALR promoter that co-occur with psychosis. One of those mutations at 鈭?#xA0;220A increases gene expression in human BE(2)-C and HEK-293 cell lines. This mutation is the first instance of a functional cognition-deficit mutation reversing a human gene promoter to the primitive type. In the current study, we analyzed the effect of the most widely-used mood-stabilizing drug, valproic acid (VPA), on nucleotide 鈭?#xA0;220 in two neuronal cell lines, LAN-5 and N2A. Remarkably, VPA increased gene expression in the cells with the wild-type 鈭?#xA0;220C construct, whereas a dramatic decrease in gene expression was observed in the cell lines with the mutant construct (p < 0.000004 and p < 0.016, respectively). We also sequenced the 600-bp CALR promoter, and the highly conserved intron 1 sequence in an independent sample of patients afflicted with major psychiatric disorders and controls. A new case of major depressive disorder with psychotic features with the 鈭?#xA0;220A mutation was identified. A novel 1-bp insertion was also detected in intron 1 at IVSI-310, in a case of amphetamine-induced psychosis. As for the psychosis-linked CALR promoter mutations identified to-date, the IVSI mutation was not detected in the control pool. This mutation creates a RREB-1 transcription factor binding site within the first intron. Our present findings identify the site of action of VPA in the CALR promoter, and introduce a novel mutation in a case of substance-induced psychosis in the first intron of CALR.