Debrisoquine showed low carrier-independent membrane permeability (Pe of 0.01 脳 10鈭? cm/s in artificial PAMPA membranes) and strongly inhibited the uptake of the model OCT1 substrate MPP+ (IC50 of 6.2 卤 0.8 渭M). Debrisoquine uptake was significantly increased in HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 compared to control cells. The OCT1-mediated uptake of debrisoquine followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (KM of 5.9 卤 1.5 渭M and Vmax of 41.9 卤 4.5 pmol/min/mg protein) and was inhibited by known OCT1 inhibitors and by commonly used drugs. OCT1-mediated debrisoquine uptake was reduced or missing in cells expressing loss-of-function OCT1 isoforms. Deletion of Met420 or substitution of Arg61Cys or Gly401Ser reduced Vmax by 48, 63 and 91%, respectively, but did not affect the KM. The OCT1 isoforms carrying Cys88Arg or Gly465Arg substitutions completely lacked OCT1-mediated debrisoquine uptake.
In conclusion, debrisoquine is a substrate of OCT1 and has the potential to be used as a phenotyping marker for OCT1 activity. Moreover, variations in debrisoquine metabolic phenotypes and their associations with diseases may be due not only to genetic variations CYP2D6, but also in OCT1.