基于不同评价方法的绿洲棉田土壤质量综合评价
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摘要
【目的】了解新疆绿洲棉田土壤质量状况。【方法】采集新疆主要棉区1 355个土壤样品,测定其pH值、含盐量、黏粒量、土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效铜、有效锌、土壤重金属全量铬、铜、锌、砷、铅、重金属有效铬、有效砷、有效铅、氟乐灵残留量、二甲戊乐灵残留量以及农膜残留量共21项指标,采用模糊综合评价法(FCE)、基于内梅罗综合污染指数的加权综合污染指数法(N-PI)及土壤综合质量指数评价方法(SQI)分别对绿洲棉田土壤质量进行了综合评价,并对其评价结果进行了比较分析。【结果】新疆绿洲棉田土壤呈碱性,含盐量均值为3.44 g/kg,为轻度盐化土壤,有机质和全氮均偏低,速效磷、速效钾、有效硫及微量元素有效锌、有效铜较为丰富;Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb等5种重金属均未超过国家二级标准,但与新疆土壤元素背景值作比较均有累积现象;棉田土壤中重金属有效态Cr、As、Pb、氟乐灵残留及二甲戊乐灵残留量均在适宜范围内,农膜残留量均值为190.98 kg/hm2,农膜污染较为严重。利用FCE法对土壤进行评价,发现绿洲棉田土壤平均质量低;N-PI法对土壤进行综合评价,表明大部分棉田土壤已受轻度污染;利用SQI法进行评价,发现土壤质量综合指标值SQI介于0.31～0.73之间,绿洲棉田土壤综合质量总体中等偏低。不同评价方法得出的评价结果有差异,在本研究中SQI法为最优的评价方法,其评价结果更为客观、科学,符合新疆绿洲棉田土壤质量的实际状况。【结论】新疆棉区土壤质量总体较差,采用通用的评价方法对其进行综合评价,SQI评价法最合理,FCE和N-PI评价法次之。
【Objective】The purpose of this paper is to compare different methods for evaluating soil quality of the cotton field in Xinjiang.【Method】We collected 1 355 soil samples from different cotton fields in Xinjiang and measured their pH, salinity, clay particle, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available sulfur, available copper, available zinc, soil heavy metals(total amount of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Pb), bioavailability of heavy metals(Cr, As, Pb), Trifluralin, Pendimethalin and plastic film residue. We then analyzed the quality of all soil samples using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method(FCE), the internal ROM and weighted comprehensive pollution index method(N-PI), and the integrated soil quality index evaluation method(SQI), respectively.【Result】The soils in the cotton fields were alkaline and moderately saline, with an average pH of 7.870 and an average salinity of3.440 g/kg. Organic matter and total nitrogen in all soils were generally low, whereas the available phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and copper were relatively high. The contents of Cr, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were within the national standard, but there has been an accumulation in Cr, Cu and Zn in all soil samples. The available Cr, As and Pb, as well as Trifluralin residues and Pendimethalin were within the national standard range. Plastic film pollution was a serious concern, with the average residual amount of the film reaching 190.980 kg/hm2. The FCE evaluated the soil quality to be low, and the N-PI method revealed most soils had been moderately polluted. The comprehensive index value of the soil quality was between 0.310 and 0.730, and the comprehensive quality of the soils was generally low. Different evaluation methods could give different results. In this study, SQI appeared to be the most suitable method as it was more objective, scientific and in line with actual soil quality of the cotton fields in Oasis of Xinjiang.【Conclusion】Soil quality in Xinjiang cotton fields is poor. Among all methods used to evaluate the soil quality, the SQI method is the most reasonable, followed by FCE and N-PI method.
【Objective】The purpose of this paper is to compare different methods for evaluating soil quality of the cotton field in Xinjiang.【Method】We collected 1 355 soil samples from different cotton fields in Xinjiang and measured their pH, salinity, clay particle, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available sulfur, available copper, available zinc, soil heavy metals(total amount of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Pb), bioavailability of heavy metals(Cr, As, Pb), Trifluralin, Pendimethalin and plastic film residue. We then analyzed the quality of all soil samples using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method(FCE), the internal ROM and weighted comprehensive pollution index method(N-PI), and the integrated soil quality index evaluation method(SQI), respectively.【Result】The soils in the cotton fields were alkaline and moderately saline, with an average pH of 7.870 and an average salinity of3.440 g/kg. Organic matter and total nitrogen in all soils were generally low, whereas the available phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and copper were relatively high. The contents of Cr, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were within the national standard, but there has been an accumulation in Cr, Cu and Zn in all soil samples. The available Cr, As and Pb, as well as Trifluralin residues and Pendimethalin were within the national standard range. Plastic film pollution was a serious concern, with the average residual amount of the film reaching 190.980 kg/hm2. The FCE evaluated the soil quality to be low, and the N-PI method revealed most soils had been moderately polluted. The comprehensive index value of the soil quality was between 0.310 and 0.730, and the comprehensive quality of the soils was generally low. Different evaluation methods could give different results. In this study, SQI appeared to be the most suitable method as it was more objective, scientific and in line with actual soil quality of the cotton fields in Oasis of Xinjiang.【Conclusion】Soil quality in Xinjiang cotton fields is poor. Among all methods used to evaluate the soil quality, the SQI method is the most reasonable, followed by FCE and N-PI method.
引文
[1]曹志洪.中国土壤质量[M].北京:科学出版社, 2008.
[2]陈印军,肖碧林,方琳娜,等.中国耕地质量状况分析[J].中国农业科学, 2011, 44(17):3 557-3 564.
[3] OBADE V D P, LAL R. Soil quality evaluation under different land management practices[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014, 72(11):4 531-4 549.
[4] WANG X, XU Y. Soil heavy metal dynamics and risk assessment under long-term land use and cultivation conversion[J]. Environmental Science&Pollution Research, 2015, 22(1):264-274.
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[6]田笑明,李雪源,吕新,等.新疆棉作理论与现代植棉技术[M].北京:科学出版社, 2016.
[7]韩春丽,刘娟,肖春华,等.新疆绿洲连作棉田土壤微量元素含量的时空变化研究[J].土壤学报, 2010, 47(6):1 194-1 201.
[8]贡璐,张海峰,吕光辉,等.塔里木河上游典型绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤质量评价[J].生态学报, 2011, 31(14):4 136-4 143.
[9]赵丽莉,盛建东,武红旗,等.博湖县耕地地力评价及其影响因素分析[J].新疆农业科学, 2013, 50(10):1 954-1 960.
[10]王雪梅,杨美玲,康璇.基于GIS的库车县耕地土壤质量综合评价[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(29):123-128.
[11]麦尔耶姆·亚森,买买提·沙吾提,尼格拉·塔什甫拉提,等.渭干河-库车河绿洲土壤重金属分布特征与生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报, 2017, 33(20):226-233.
[12]文雯,侯振安,闵伟,等.石河子垦区耕地土壤重金属调查及评价研究[J].新疆农业科学, 2015, 52(1):137-144.
[13]邓红,林海荣,张泽,等.绿洲连作棉田土壤重金属富集特征及评价[J].西北农业学报, 2014, 23(8):92-98.
[14]南京农学院.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 1980.
[15]周王子,董斌,刘俊杰,等.基于权重分析的土壤综合肥力评价方法[J].灌溉排水学报, 2016, 35(6):81-86.
[16]徐建华.计量地理学[M].(第一版).北京:高等教育出版社, 2006:81-83.
[17]黄昌勇,徐建明.土壤学[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社, 2010.
[18]易海艳,马刘峰,林宁,等.新疆叶尔羌河流域棉田土壤养分分析与评价[J].江苏农业科学, 2015, 43(7):393-396.
[19]张炎,王讲利,付明鑫,等.新疆棉田土壤养分评价指标的建立[C]//中国科协2005年学术年会“新疆现代农业论坛”论文专集,2005.
[20]陈怀满,等.土壤中化学物质的行为与环境质量[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002.
[21]徐建明.土壤质量指标与评价[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010.
[22]土壤环境质量标准, GB15618—2008[S].
[23]农业标准出版研究中心.最新中国农业行业标准.第9辑.植保分册[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2014.
[24]刘衍君,汤庆新,白振华,等.基于地质累积与内梅罗指数的耕地重金属污染研究[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(20):174-178.
[25]陈雨艳,杨坪,余恒,等.基于环境质量监测的区域环境质量综合评价体系[J].中国环境监测, 2015, 31(4):68-74.
[26]张江华.新疆棉田土壤中地膜残留污染现状调查分析及其发展趋势预测[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学, 2010.
[27]新疆维吾尔族自治区土壤调查办公室.新疆土壤[M].北京:科学出版社, 1996:23-28.
[28]陈文玲,冉圣宏,刘韬韬.不同灌溉方式棉田土壤含盐量的分布特征:以玛纳斯河中游灌区为例[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(5):33-38.
[29]王美,李书田.肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(2):466-480.
[30]杨再磊.新疆棉田土壤中三种农药残留量测定方法建立及分布特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学, 2014.
[31]李军.田普防除棉田杂草表现[J].中国棉花, 2015, 42(10):42-43.
[32]汤明尧,赖波,赵泽.新疆棉田施肥现状调查与评价[J].新疆农业科技, 2016(2):48-50.
[33]邹小阳,牛文全,刘晶晶,等.残膜对土壤和作物的潜在风险研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报, 2017, 36(7):47-54.
[34]朱敏,梁智,徐万里,等.新疆绿洲棉田土壤养分时空分布特点[J].新疆农业科学, 2009, 46(5):1 076-1 081.
[35]张丹,罗格平,许文强,等.新疆耕地土壤养分时空变化[J].干旱区地理(汉文版), 2008, 31(2):254-263.
[36]任力民,贾登泉,王飞.新疆农田土壤重金属含量调查与评价[J].新疆农业科学, 2014, 51(9):1 760-1 764.
[37]张兆永,吉力力·阿不都外力,姜逢清.天山山地表层土壤重金属的污染评价及生态风险分析[J].地球科学进展, 2014, 29(5):608-616.
[2]陈印军,肖碧林,方琳娜,等.中国耕地质量状况分析[J].中国农业科学, 2011, 44(17):3 557-3 564.
[3] OBADE V D P, LAL R. Soil quality evaluation under different land management practices[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014, 72(11):4 531-4 549.
[4] WANG X, XU Y. Soil heavy metal dynamics and risk assessment under long-term land use and cultivation conversion[J]. Environmental Science&Pollution Research, 2015, 22(1):264-274.
[5]赖先齐.中国绿洲农业学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2005.
[6]田笑明,李雪源,吕新,等.新疆棉作理论与现代植棉技术[M].北京:科学出版社, 2016.
[7]韩春丽,刘娟,肖春华,等.新疆绿洲连作棉田土壤微量元素含量的时空变化研究[J].土壤学报, 2010, 47(6):1 194-1 201.
[8]贡璐,张海峰,吕光辉,等.塔里木河上游典型绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤质量评价[J].生态学报, 2011, 31(14):4 136-4 143.
[9]赵丽莉,盛建东,武红旗,等.博湖县耕地地力评价及其影响因素分析[J].新疆农业科学, 2013, 50(10):1 954-1 960.
[10]王雪梅,杨美玲,康璇.基于GIS的库车县耕地土壤质量综合评价[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(29):123-128.
[11]麦尔耶姆·亚森,买买提·沙吾提,尼格拉·塔什甫拉提,等.渭干河-库车河绿洲土壤重金属分布特征与生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报, 2017, 33(20):226-233.
[12]文雯,侯振安,闵伟,等.石河子垦区耕地土壤重金属调查及评价研究[J].新疆农业科学, 2015, 52(1):137-144.
[13]邓红,林海荣,张泽,等.绿洲连作棉田土壤重金属富集特征及评价[J].西北农业学报, 2014, 23(8):92-98.
[14]南京农学院.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 1980.
[15]周王子,董斌,刘俊杰,等.基于权重分析的土壤综合肥力评价方法[J].灌溉排水学报, 2016, 35(6):81-86.
[16]徐建华.计量地理学[M].(第一版).北京:高等教育出版社, 2006:81-83.
[17]黄昌勇,徐建明.土壤学[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社, 2010.
[18]易海艳,马刘峰,林宁,等.新疆叶尔羌河流域棉田土壤养分分析与评价[J].江苏农业科学, 2015, 43(7):393-396.
[19]张炎,王讲利,付明鑫,等.新疆棉田土壤养分评价指标的建立[C]//中国科协2005年学术年会“新疆现代农业论坛”论文专集,2005.
[20]陈怀满,等.土壤中化学物质的行为与环境质量[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002.
[21]徐建明.土壤质量指标与评价[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010.
[22]土壤环境质量标准, GB15618—2008[S].
[23]农业标准出版研究中心.最新中国农业行业标准.第9辑.植保分册[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2014.
[24]刘衍君,汤庆新,白振华,等.基于地质累积与内梅罗指数的耕地重金属污染研究[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(20):174-178.
[25]陈雨艳,杨坪,余恒,等.基于环境质量监测的区域环境质量综合评价体系[J].中国环境监测, 2015, 31(4):68-74.
[26]张江华.新疆棉田土壤中地膜残留污染现状调查分析及其发展趋势预测[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学, 2010.
[27]新疆维吾尔族自治区土壤调查办公室.新疆土壤[M].北京:科学出版社, 1996:23-28.
[28]陈文玲,冉圣宏,刘韬韬.不同灌溉方式棉田土壤含盐量的分布特征:以玛纳斯河中游灌区为例[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(5):33-38.
[29]王美,李书田.肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(2):466-480.
[30]杨再磊.新疆棉田土壤中三种农药残留量测定方法建立及分布特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学, 2014.
[31]李军.田普防除棉田杂草表现[J].中国棉花, 2015, 42(10):42-43.
[32]汤明尧,赖波,赵泽.新疆棉田施肥现状调查与评价[J].新疆农业科技, 2016(2):48-50.
[33]邹小阳,牛文全,刘晶晶,等.残膜对土壤和作物的潜在风险研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报, 2017, 36(7):47-54.
[34]朱敏,梁智,徐万里,等.新疆绿洲棉田土壤养分时空分布特点[J].新疆农业科学, 2009, 46(5):1 076-1 081.
[35]张丹,罗格平,许文强,等.新疆耕地土壤养分时空变化[J].干旱区地理(汉文版), 2008, 31(2):254-263.
[36]任力民,贾登泉,王飞.新疆农田土壤重金属含量调查与评价[J].新疆农业科学, 2014, 51(9):1 760-1 764.
[37]张兆永,吉力力·阿不都外力,姜逢清.天山山地表层土壤重金属的污染评价及生态风险分析[J].地球科学进展, 2014, 29(5):608-616.