一般攻击模型理论的拓展:群体暴力
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摘要
大多数的攻击理论都试图解释个体间攻击的原因和后果,却留下一个悬而未决的问题,那就是相似的过程是否能解释群体间的暴力行为。DeWall等人率先对一般攻击模型理论(the general aggression model,GAM)进行了有益的扩展和延伸,将其应用于实验室外的攻击形式:群体暴力。根据GAM的基本理论框架,对真实世界中的群体暴力的产生、持续和升级进行了解释,并详细描述了如何干预群体暴力,以达到阻止其发展的目的。由于该理论是一个具有普适性的理论,所以将其应用于具体的群体暴力时存在一定的缺陷。但是这并不妨碍该理论对群体暴力的启示意义和广阔的应用价值。
Most aggression theories attempt to explain the causes and consequences of aggression between individuals,leaving open the question of whether similar processes may be involved in explaining aggression between groups.DeWall et al.firstly applied the general aggression model(GAM)to intergroup violence that occurs outside the laboratory.According to GAM,they explained how intergroup violence begins,persists and escalates.And,in order to prevent intergroup violence,GAM still offered a useful framework for understanding how to intervene intergroup violence.Because GAM is an universal theory,there are some deficiencies when applying this GAM to specific intergroup violence,which didn’t restrict enlightenment and applying value of GAM.
Most aggression theories attempt to explain the causes and consequences of aggression between individuals,leaving open the question of whether similar processes may be involved in explaining aggression between groups.DeWall et al.firstly applied the general aggression model(GAM)to intergroup violence that occurs outside the laboratory.According to GAM,they explained how intergroup violence begins,persists and escalates.And,in order to prevent intergroup violence,GAM still offered a useful framework for understanding how to intervene intergroup violence.Because GAM is an universal theory,there are some deficiencies when applying this GAM to specific intergroup violence,which didn’t restrict enlightenment and applying value of GAM.
引文
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[14]Newport F.This Christmas,78%of Americans Identify asChristian[N/OL].[2009-12-04].http:∥www.gallup.com/poll/124793/this-christmas-78-americans-identify-christian.aspx
[15]Central Bureau of Statistics.Israel in Figures:2009[N/OL].[2009-12-31].http:∥www.cbs.gov.il/publications/isr_in_n09e.pdf
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[17]Shechtman Z,Ifargan M.School-based Integrated and Segrega-ted Interventions to Reduce Aggression[J].Aggressive Behav-ior,2009,35(4):342-356.
[18]Slater M D,Henry K L,Swaim R C,et al.Violent Media Con-tent and Aggressiveness in Adolescents:A Downward SpiralModel[J].Communication Research,2003,30(6):713-736.
[19]Ajzen I,Fishbein M.Attitude-Behavior Relations:A Theoreti-cal Analysis and Review of Empirical Research[J].PsychologicalBulletin,1977,84:888-918.
[2]Bushman B J,Huesmann L R.Aggression[M]∥Fiske S T,Gil-bert D T,Lindzey G.Handbook of Social Psychology.5th.NewYork:John Wiley,Sons,2010:833-863.
[3]Tedeschi J T,Felson R B.Violence,Aggression,and CoerciveActions[M].Washington D C:American Psychological Associa-tion,1994:276-281.
[4]Sluka J.The Anthropology of Conflict[M]∥Nordstrom C,Mar-tin J.The Paths to Domination,Resistance,and Terror.Berke-ley:University of California Press,1992:18-36.
[5]Crick N R,Dodge K A.A Review and Reformulation of Social In-formation-processing Mechanisms in Children’s Social Adjustment[J].Psychological Bulletin,1994,115(1):74-101.
[6]Dodge K A,Crick N R.Social Information Processing Bases ofAggressive Behavior in Children[J].Personality and Social Psy-chology Bulletin,1990,16(1):8-22.
[7]Berkowitz L.On the Formation and Regulation of Anger and Ag-gression:A Cognitive-Neoassociationistic Analysis[J].AmericanPsychologist,1990,45(4):494-503.
[8]Berkowitz L.Affect,Aggression,and Antisocial Behavior[M]∥Davidson R J,Scherer K R,Goldsmith H H.Handbook of Affec-tive Sciences.New York:Oxford University Press,2003:804-823.
[9]Wilkowski B M,Robinson M D.The Cognitive Basis of Trait An-ger and Reactive Aggression:An Integrative Analysis[J].Person-ality and Social Psychology Review,2008,12(1):3-21.
[10]DeWall C N,Anderson C A,Bushman B J.The General Ag-gression Model:Theoretical Extensions to Violence[J].Psy-chology of Violence,2011,1(3):245-258.
[11]Anderson C A,Buckley K E,Carnagey N L.Creating YourOwn Hostile Environment:A Laboratory Examination of TraitAggression and The Violence Escalation Cycle[J].Personalityand Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(4):462-473.
[12]Insko C A,Schopler J,Hoyle R H,et al.Individual-group Dis-continuity as a Function of Fear and Greed[J].Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology,1990,58(1):68-79.
[13]Ledgerwood A,Chaiken S.Priming Us and Them:AutomaticAssimilation and Contrast in Group Attitudes[J].Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology,2007,93(6):940-956.
[14]Newport F.This Christmas,78%of Americans Identify asChristian[N/OL].[2009-12-04].http:∥www.gallup.com/poll/124793/this-christmas-78-americans-identify-christian.aspx
[15]Central Bureau of Statistics.Israel in Figures:2009[N/OL].[2009-12-31].http:∥www.cbs.gov.il/publications/isr_in_n09e.pdf
[16]Anderson C A,Carnagey N L.Violent Evil and The GeneralAggression Model[M]∥Miller A.The Social Psychology ofGood and Evil.New York:Guilford Publications,2004:168-192.
[17]Shechtman Z,Ifargan M.School-based Integrated and Segrega-ted Interventions to Reduce Aggression[J].Aggressive Behav-ior,2009,35(4):342-356.
[18]Slater M D,Henry K L,Swaim R C,et al.Violent Media Con-tent and Aggressiveness in Adolescents:A Downward SpiralModel[J].Communication Research,2003,30(6):713-736.
[19]Ajzen I,Fishbein M.Attitude-Behavior Relations:A Theoreti-cal Analysis and Review of Empirical Research[J].PsychologicalBulletin,1977,84:888-918.