暴力电子游戏对攻击行为的影响及其争论
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摘要
以Anderson为核心的研究者通过数十年研究发现,暴力电子游戏是攻击行为产生的前因变量,并且提出可以用一般攻击模型(General Aggression Model,GAM)来解释这一结论。然而,Ferguson等人的研究表明,暴力电子游戏不是攻击行为产生的前因变量,而是攻击行为产生的催化剂,并提出催化剂模型(Catalyst Model,CM)来解释该结论。由于社会心理研究中,实验研究难以严格控制,导致研究结果大径相庭,暴力电子游戏影响攻击行为的争论还在不断扩大。未来要加强对暴力电子游戏和攻击行为的测量,同时还需整合一般攻击模型和催化剂模型指导实证研究,最后从认知偏差以及社会认知神经科学视角寻求暴力电子游戏对攻击行为影响的新证据。
It had indicated that exposed to violent video game could increase aggression by Anderson and his colleagues' decade research. General Aggression Model,which had put by Anderson and Bushman( 2002),could be applied to explain the causality of violent video game associated with aggression. However,Ferguson had found that aggression weren't affected by violent video game,and Catalyst Model also accounted for this result. It was vary difference of the results due to slack experiment in social psychological research,and whether violent video game could affect aggression was hot debate. Therefore,we should do standardized and rigid measurements of violent video game and aggression,and then we ought to integrate the General Aggression Model and Catalyst Model,which conduct studying for violent video game linked to aggression,at last,we need to forward debates from others perspective evidence,such as cognitive bias or social cognitive neuroscience.
It had indicated that exposed to violent video game could increase aggression by Anderson and his colleagues' decade research. General Aggression Model,which had put by Anderson and Bushman( 2002),could be applied to explain the causality of violent video game associated with aggression. However,Ferguson had found that aggression weren't affected by violent video game,and Catalyst Model also accounted for this result. It was vary difference of the results due to slack experiment in social psychological research,and whether violent video game could affect aggression was hot debate. Therefore,we should do standardized and rigid measurements of violent video game and aggression,and then we ought to integrate the General Aggression Model and Catalyst Model,which conduct studying for violent video game linked to aggression,at last,we need to forward debates from others perspective evidence,such as cognitive bias or social cognitive neuroscience.
引文
Adachi,P.J.,&Willoughby,T.(2011a).The effect of violent videogames on aggression:Is it more than just the violence.Aggression andViolent Behavior,16(1),55-62.
Adachi,P.J.,&Willoughby,T.(2011b).The effect of video gamecompetition and violence on aggressive behavior:Which characteristichas the greatest influence.Psychology of Violence,1(4),259-274.
Anderson,C.A.(2004).An update on the effects of playing violentvideo games.Journal of Adolescence,27(1),113-122.
Anderson,C.A.,Berkowitz,L.,Donnerstein,E.,Huesmann,L.R.,Johnson,J.D.,Linz,D.,et al.(2003).The influence ofmedia violence on youth.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,4(3),81-110.
Anderson,C.A.,&Bushman,B.J.(2001).Effects of violent videogames on aggressive behavior,aggressive cognition,aggressive affect,physiological arousal,and prosocial behavior:A meta-analytic reviewof the scientific literature.Psychological Science,12(5),353-359.
Anderson,C.A.,&Bushman,B.J.(2002).Human aggression.Annual Review of Psychology,53(1),27-51.
Anderson,C.A.,&Carnagey,N.L.(2009).Causal effects of violentsports video game s on aggression:Is it competitiveness or violentcontent.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45,731-739.
Anderson,C.A.,&Dill,K.E.(2000).Video games and aggressivethoughts,feelings,and behavior in the laboratory and in life.Journalof Personality and Social Psychology,78(4),772-790.
Anderson,C.A.,Sakamoto,A.,Gentile,D.A.,Ihori,N.,Shibuya,A.,Yukawa,S.,et al.(2008).Longitudinal effects ofviolent video games on aggression in Japan and the United States.Pediatrics,122(5),e1067-e1072.
Anderson,C.A.,Shibuya,A.,Ihori,N.,Swing,E.L.,Bushman,B.J.,Sakamoto,A.,et al.(2010).Violent video game effects onaggression,empathy,and prosocial behavior in eastern and westerncountries:A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,136(2),151-173.
Bartholow,B.D.,&Anderson,C.A.(2002).Effects of violent videogames on aggressive behavior:Potential sex differences.Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,38(3),283-290.
Bartholow,B.D.,Bushman,B.J.,&Sestir,M.A.(2006).Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence:Behavioral and event-related brain potential data.Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,42(4),532-539.
Beier,R.,&Kutzner,F.(2012).Choose a juice!The effect of choiceoptions and intention on aggression in a modified hot-sauce paradigm.In 13th Annual Meeting of Society for Personality and SocialPsychology,San Diego,CA.
Busching,R.,Gentile,D.A.,Krahé,B.,Mller,I.,Khoo,A.,Walsh,D.A.,et al.(2013).Testing the reliability and validity ofdifferent measures of violent video game use in the United States,Singapore,and Germany.Psychology of Popular Media Culture.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000004.
Bushman,B.J.,&Huesmann,L.R.(2014).Twenty-five years ofresearch on violence in digital games and aggression revisited:A replyto Elson and Ferguson(2013).European Psychologist,19(1),47-55.
Buss,A.H.,&Perry,M.(1992).The aggression questionnaire.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(3),452-459.
DeW all,C.N.,Anderson,C.A.,&Bushman,B.J.(2011).Thegeneral aggression model:Theoretical extensions to violence.Psychology of Violence,1(3),245-258.
Elson,M.,&Ferguson,C.J.(2014a).Twenty-Five Years of researchon violence in digital games and aggression:Empirical evidence,perspectives,and a debate gone astray.European Psychologist,19(1),33-46.
Elson,M.,&Ferguson,C.J.(2014b).Does doing media violenceresearch make one aggressive.European Psychologist,19(1),68-75.
Engelhardt,C.R.,Bartholow,B.D.,Kerr,G.T.,&Bushman,B.J.(2011).This is your brain on violent video games:Neuraldesensitization to violence predicts increased aggression followingviolent video game exposure.Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,47(5),1033-1036.
Ferguson,C.J.(2007a).Evidence for publication bias in video gameviolence effects literature:A meta-analytic review.Aggression andViolent Behavior,12(4),470-482.
Ferguson,C.J.(2007b).The good,the bad and the ugly:A metaanalytic review of positive and negative effects of violent video games.Psychiatric Quarterly,78(4),309-316.
Ferguson,C.J.(2009).Media Violence Effects:Confirmed Truth orJust Another X-File.Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice,9(2),103-126.
Ferguson,C.J.(2010).Blazing angels or resident evilCan violentvideo games be a force for good.Review of General Psychology,14(2),68-81.
Ferguson,C.J.(2013).Violent video games and the Supreme Court:Lessons for the scientific community in the wake of Brown v.Entertainment Merchants Association.American Psychologist,68(2),57-74.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Dyck,D.(2012).Paradigm change in aggressionresearch:The time has come to retire the General Aggression Model.Aggression and Violent Behavior,17(3),220-228.
Ferguson,C.J.,Garza,A.,Jerabeck,J.,Ramos,R.,&Galindo,M.(2013).Not worth the fuss after allCross-sectional andprospective data on violent video game influences on aggression,visuospatial cognition and mathematics ability in a sample of youth.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,42(1),109-122.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Kilburn,J.(2009).The public health risks ofmedia violence:A meta-analytic review.The Journal of Pediatrics,154(5),759-763.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Kilburn,J.(2010).Much ado about nothing:themisestimation and overinterpretation of violent video game effects ineastern and western nations:comment on Anderson et al.(2010).Psychological Bulletin,136(2),174-178.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Olson,C.K.(2014).Video game violence useamong“Vulnerable”populations:The impact of violent games ondelinquency and bullying among children with clinically elevateddepression or attention deficit symptoms.Journal of Youth andAdolescence,43(1),127-136.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Rueda,S.M.(2009).Examining the validity ofthe modified Taylor competitive reaction time test of aggression.Journal of Experimental Criminology,5(2),121-137.
Ferguson,C.J.,Rueda,S.M.,Cruz,A.M.,Ferguson,D.E.,Fritz,S.,&Smith,S.M.(2008).Violent video games andaggression causal relationship or by product of family violence andintrinsic violence motivation.Criminal Justice and Behavior,35(3),311-332.
Ferguson,C.J.,San Miguel,C.,Garza,A.,&Jerabeck,J.M.(2011).A longitudinal test of video game violence influences ondating and aggression:A 3-year longitudinal study of adolescents.Journal of Psychiatric Research,46(2),141-146.
Fischer,P.,Kastenmüller,A.,&Greitemeyer,T.(2010).Mediaviolence and the self:The impact of personalized gaming characters inaggressive video games on aggressive behavior.Journal of ExperimentalSocial Psychology,46(1),192-195.
Greitemeyer,T.(2014).Intense acts of violence during video game playmake daily life aggression appear innocuous:A new mechanism whyviolent video games increase aggression.Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,50(1),52-56.
Greitemeyer,T.,&McL atchie,N.(2011).Denying humanness toothers:A newly discovered mechanism by which violent video gamesincrease aggressive behavior.Psychological Science,22(5),659-665.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Mügge,D.O.(2014).Video games do affectsocial outcomes:A meta-analytic review of the effects of violent andprosocial video game play.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,40(5),578-589.
Grizzard,M.,Tamborini,R.,Lewis,R.J.,Wang,L.,&Prabhu,S.(2014).Being bad in a video game can make us morally sensitive.Cyberpsychology,Behavior,and Social Networking,17(8),499-504.
Gunter,B.(2008).Media violence is there a case for causality.American Behavioral Scientist,51(8),1061-1122.
Hummer,T.A.,Wang,Y.,Kronenberger,W.G.,Mosier,K.M.,Kalnin,A.J.,Dunn,D.W.,&Mathews,V.P.(2010).Shortterm violent video game play by adolescents alters prefrontal activityduring cognitive inhibition.Media Psychology,13(2),136-154.
Kahn,A.S.,Ratan,R.,&Williams,D.(2014).Why we distort inself-report:Predictors of self-report errors in video game play.Journalof Computer-Mediated Communication.19(4),1010-1023,
Lieberman,J.D.,Solomon,S.,Greenberg,J.,&McG regor,H.A.(1999).A hot new way to measure aggression:Hot sauce allocation.Aggressive Behavior,25(5),331-348.
Mathiak,K.,&Weber,R.(2006).Toward brain correlates of naturalbehavior:fM RI during violent video games.Human Brain Mapping,27(12),948-956.
Mller,I.,&Krahé,B.(2009).Exposure to violent video games andaggression in German adolescents:A longitudinal analysis.AggressiveBehavior,35(1),75-89.
Ritter,D.,&Eslea,M.(2005).Hot sauce,toy guns,and graffiti:Acritical account of current laboratory aggression paradigms.AggressiveBehavior,31(5),407-419.
Surette,R.(2013).Cause or catalyst:The interaction of real world andmedia crime models.American Journal of Criminal Justice,38(3),392-409.
Unsworth,G.,Devilly,G.J.,&Ward,T.(2007).The effect ofplaying violent video games on adolescents:Should parents be quakingin their boots.Psychology,Crime&Law,13(4),383-394.
von Salisch,M.,Vogelgesang,J.,Kristen,A.,&Oppl,C.(2011).Preference for violent electronic games and aggressive behavior amongchildren:the beginning of the downward spiral.Media Psychology,14(3),233-258.
Wallenius,M.,&Punamki,R.L.(2008).Digital game violenceand direct aggression in adolescence:A longitudinal study of the rolesof sex,age,and parent-child communication.Journal of AppliedDevelopmental Psychology,29(4),286-294.
Willoughby,T.,Adachi,P.J.,&Good,M.(2012).A longitudinalstudy of the association between violent video game play and aggressionamong adolescents.Developmental Psychology,48(4),1044-1057.
滕召军,刘衍玲,潘彦谷,尧德中.(2013).媒体暴力与攻击性:社会认知神经科学视角.心理发展与教育,29(6),664-672.
张学民,李茂,宋艳,李永娜,魏柳青.(2009).暴力游戏中射杀动作和血腥成分对玩家和观看者攻击倾向的影响.心理学报,41(12),1228-1236.
郑宏明,孙延军.(2006).暴力电子游戏对攻击行为及相关变量的影响.心理科学进展,14(2),266-272.
Adachi,P.J.,&Willoughby,T.(2011b).The effect of video gamecompetition and violence on aggressive behavior:Which characteristichas the greatest influence.Psychology of Violence,1(4),259-274.
Anderson,C.A.(2004).An update on the effects of playing violentvideo games.Journal of Adolescence,27(1),113-122.
Anderson,C.A.,Berkowitz,L.,Donnerstein,E.,Huesmann,L.R.,Johnson,J.D.,Linz,D.,et al.(2003).The influence ofmedia violence on youth.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,4(3),81-110.
Anderson,C.A.,&Bushman,B.J.(2001).Effects of violent videogames on aggressive behavior,aggressive cognition,aggressive affect,physiological arousal,and prosocial behavior:A meta-analytic reviewof the scientific literature.Psychological Science,12(5),353-359.
Anderson,C.A.,&Bushman,B.J.(2002).Human aggression.Annual Review of Psychology,53(1),27-51.
Anderson,C.A.,&Carnagey,N.L.(2009).Causal effects of violentsports video game s on aggression:Is it competitiveness or violentcontent.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45,731-739.
Anderson,C.A.,&Dill,K.E.(2000).Video games and aggressivethoughts,feelings,and behavior in the laboratory and in life.Journalof Personality and Social Psychology,78(4),772-790.
Anderson,C.A.,Sakamoto,A.,Gentile,D.A.,Ihori,N.,Shibuya,A.,Yukawa,S.,et al.(2008).Longitudinal effects ofviolent video games on aggression in Japan and the United States.Pediatrics,122(5),e1067-e1072.
Anderson,C.A.,Shibuya,A.,Ihori,N.,Swing,E.L.,Bushman,B.J.,Sakamoto,A.,et al.(2010).Violent video game effects onaggression,empathy,and prosocial behavior in eastern and westerncountries:A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,136(2),151-173.
Bartholow,B.D.,&Anderson,C.A.(2002).Effects of violent videogames on aggressive behavior:Potential sex differences.Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,38(3),283-290.
Bartholow,B.D.,Bushman,B.J.,&Sestir,M.A.(2006).Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence:Behavioral and event-related brain potential data.Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,42(4),532-539.
Beier,R.,&Kutzner,F.(2012).Choose a juice!The effect of choiceoptions and intention on aggression in a modified hot-sauce paradigm.In 13th Annual Meeting of Society for Personality and SocialPsychology,San Diego,CA.
Busching,R.,Gentile,D.A.,Krahé,B.,Mller,I.,Khoo,A.,Walsh,D.A.,et al.(2013).Testing the reliability and validity ofdifferent measures of violent video game use in the United States,Singapore,and Germany.Psychology of Popular Media Culture.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000004.
Bushman,B.J.,&Huesmann,L.R.(2014).Twenty-five years ofresearch on violence in digital games and aggression revisited:A replyto Elson and Ferguson(2013).European Psychologist,19(1),47-55.
Buss,A.H.,&Perry,M.(1992).The aggression questionnaire.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(3),452-459.
DeW all,C.N.,Anderson,C.A.,&Bushman,B.J.(2011).Thegeneral aggression model:Theoretical extensions to violence.Psychology of Violence,1(3),245-258.
Elson,M.,&Ferguson,C.J.(2014a).Twenty-Five Years of researchon violence in digital games and aggression:Empirical evidence,perspectives,and a debate gone astray.European Psychologist,19(1),33-46.
Elson,M.,&Ferguson,C.J.(2014b).Does doing media violenceresearch make one aggressive.European Psychologist,19(1),68-75.
Engelhardt,C.R.,Bartholow,B.D.,Kerr,G.T.,&Bushman,B.J.(2011).This is your brain on violent video games:Neuraldesensitization to violence predicts increased aggression followingviolent video game exposure.Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,47(5),1033-1036.
Ferguson,C.J.(2007a).Evidence for publication bias in video gameviolence effects literature:A meta-analytic review.Aggression andViolent Behavior,12(4),470-482.
Ferguson,C.J.(2007b).The good,the bad and the ugly:A metaanalytic review of positive and negative effects of violent video games.Psychiatric Quarterly,78(4),309-316.
Ferguson,C.J.(2009).Media Violence Effects:Confirmed Truth orJust Another X-File.Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice,9(2),103-126.
Ferguson,C.J.(2010).Blazing angels or resident evilCan violentvideo games be a force for good.Review of General Psychology,14(2),68-81.
Ferguson,C.J.(2013).Violent video games and the Supreme Court:Lessons for the scientific community in the wake of Brown v.Entertainment Merchants Association.American Psychologist,68(2),57-74.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Dyck,D.(2012).Paradigm change in aggressionresearch:The time has come to retire the General Aggression Model.Aggression and Violent Behavior,17(3),220-228.
Ferguson,C.J.,Garza,A.,Jerabeck,J.,Ramos,R.,&Galindo,M.(2013).Not worth the fuss after allCross-sectional andprospective data on violent video game influences on aggression,visuospatial cognition and mathematics ability in a sample of youth.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,42(1),109-122.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Kilburn,J.(2009).The public health risks ofmedia violence:A meta-analytic review.The Journal of Pediatrics,154(5),759-763.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Kilburn,J.(2010).Much ado about nothing:themisestimation and overinterpretation of violent video game effects ineastern and western nations:comment on Anderson et al.(2010).Psychological Bulletin,136(2),174-178.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Olson,C.K.(2014).Video game violence useamong“Vulnerable”populations:The impact of violent games ondelinquency and bullying among children with clinically elevateddepression or attention deficit symptoms.Journal of Youth andAdolescence,43(1),127-136.
Ferguson,C.J.,&Rueda,S.M.(2009).Examining the validity ofthe modified Taylor competitive reaction time test of aggression.Journal of Experimental Criminology,5(2),121-137.
Ferguson,C.J.,Rueda,S.M.,Cruz,A.M.,Ferguson,D.E.,Fritz,S.,&Smith,S.M.(2008).Violent video games andaggression causal relationship or by product of family violence andintrinsic violence motivation.Criminal Justice and Behavior,35(3),311-332.
Ferguson,C.J.,San Miguel,C.,Garza,A.,&Jerabeck,J.M.(2011).A longitudinal test of video game violence influences ondating and aggression:A 3-year longitudinal study of adolescents.Journal of Psychiatric Research,46(2),141-146.
Fischer,P.,Kastenmüller,A.,&Greitemeyer,T.(2010).Mediaviolence and the self:The impact of personalized gaming characters inaggressive video games on aggressive behavior.Journal of ExperimentalSocial Psychology,46(1),192-195.
Greitemeyer,T.(2014).Intense acts of violence during video game playmake daily life aggression appear innocuous:A new mechanism whyviolent video games increase aggression.Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,50(1),52-56.
Greitemeyer,T.,&McL atchie,N.(2011).Denying humanness toothers:A newly discovered mechanism by which violent video gamesincrease aggressive behavior.Psychological Science,22(5),659-665.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Mügge,D.O.(2014).Video games do affectsocial outcomes:A meta-analytic review of the effects of violent andprosocial video game play.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,40(5),578-589.
Grizzard,M.,Tamborini,R.,Lewis,R.J.,Wang,L.,&Prabhu,S.(2014).Being bad in a video game can make us morally sensitive.Cyberpsychology,Behavior,and Social Networking,17(8),499-504.
Gunter,B.(2008).Media violence is there a case for causality.American Behavioral Scientist,51(8),1061-1122.
Hummer,T.A.,Wang,Y.,Kronenberger,W.G.,Mosier,K.M.,Kalnin,A.J.,Dunn,D.W.,&Mathews,V.P.(2010).Shortterm violent video game play by adolescents alters prefrontal activityduring cognitive inhibition.Media Psychology,13(2),136-154.
Kahn,A.S.,Ratan,R.,&Williams,D.(2014).Why we distort inself-report:Predictors of self-report errors in video game play.Journalof Computer-Mediated Communication.19(4),1010-1023,
Lieberman,J.D.,Solomon,S.,Greenberg,J.,&McG regor,H.A.(1999).A hot new way to measure aggression:Hot sauce allocation.Aggressive Behavior,25(5),331-348.
Mathiak,K.,&Weber,R.(2006).Toward brain correlates of naturalbehavior:fM RI during violent video games.Human Brain Mapping,27(12),948-956.
Mller,I.,&Krahé,B.(2009).Exposure to violent video games andaggression in German adolescents:A longitudinal analysis.AggressiveBehavior,35(1),75-89.
Ritter,D.,&Eslea,M.(2005).Hot sauce,toy guns,and graffiti:Acritical account of current laboratory aggression paradigms.AggressiveBehavior,31(5),407-419.
Surette,R.(2013).Cause or catalyst:The interaction of real world andmedia crime models.American Journal of Criminal Justice,38(3),392-409.
Unsworth,G.,Devilly,G.J.,&Ward,T.(2007).The effect ofplaying violent video games on adolescents:Should parents be quakingin their boots.Psychology,Crime&Law,13(4),383-394.
von Salisch,M.,Vogelgesang,J.,Kristen,A.,&Oppl,C.(2011).Preference for violent electronic games and aggressive behavior amongchildren:the beginning of the downward spiral.Media Psychology,14(3),233-258.
Wallenius,M.,&Punamki,R.L.(2008).Digital game violenceand direct aggression in adolescence:A longitudinal study of the rolesof sex,age,and parent-child communication.Journal of AppliedDevelopmental Psychology,29(4),286-294.
Willoughby,T.,Adachi,P.J.,&Good,M.(2012).A longitudinalstudy of the association between violent video game play and aggressionamong adolescents.Developmental Psychology,48(4),1044-1057.
滕召军,刘衍玲,潘彦谷,尧德中.(2013).媒体暴力与攻击性:社会认知神经科学视角.心理发展与教育,29(6),664-672.
张学民,李茂,宋艳,李永娜,魏柳青.(2009).暴力游戏中射杀动作和血腥成分对玩家和观看者攻击倾向的影响.心理学报,41(12),1228-1236.
郑宏明,孙延军.(2006).暴力电子游戏对攻击行为及相关变量的影响.心理科学进展,14(2),266-272.