微生物在石油生成中的作用(二)--氢代谢及多源输入
|
摘要
产氢菌的发现是近代微生物学研究的一大重要进展。地质体中的氢代谢(氢的生成和利用)是微生物降解有机质形成烃类的重要环节。在石油生成过程中,氢是重要的中间产物及主产物。大分子化合物分解为小分子化合物、脱去含氧基团、烯烃成为饱和烃均需要补充氢。没有氢代谢便没有石油的大量生成。产氢菌含有氢化酶,具有生成H2的能力。一部分微生物在降解有机质的过程中形成H2,另一部分微生物利用H2进行生命活动,产氢耗氢一直处于一种稳定的动态平衡,产氢微生物只有在耗氢微生物存在下才能生长。耗氢微生物的耗氢作用又促进了产氢反应的连续进行,这种微生物的互营联合,发生在石油形成过程中的各个阶段。氢转移是厌氧降解有机质区别于有氧降解有机质的最重要特征。微生物生长繁殖受温度、营养及沉积环境的影响,从浅层至深层,微生物种群不断更替,原有的种群因环境改变而死亡,新的种群又会大量繁殖,死亡的微生物输入至沉积层便成为烃类。酶是一种具有催化活性的蛋白质,微生物的一切生命活动都离不开酶。一种酶只能催化一种反应或一类反应的完成,各阶段都有独特的酶系统,酶在完成专属代谢途径后,可转化成石油组分,如叶绿素转化成甲烷菌F430辅酶,再转化成卟啉。地层温度促进了有机质热裂解,使有机质中的C-C键断裂发生得更加频繁;厌氧微生物的降解作用也使有机质发生降解。二者方向相同,互为融合,使有机质的裂解加速。微生物对有机质改造形成烃类,其中脱去含氧官能团、产氢用氢形成饱和烃等作用,对讨论石油和天然气的形成具有重要意义。
The discovery of H2-producing bacteria is a great advance in modern scientific research of microbiology.The hydrogen supersession(the generation and utilization of hydrogen)is the important link for microbially degradation of organic matters and generation of hydrocarbons in geological systems.During the progress of petroleum-formation,hydrogen is a middle product and also a major product.Addition of extra hydrogen is necessary all for the degradation of macromolecular compounds into low molecule ones,the elimination of oxygen-containing groups and also the transformation of alkenes into saturated hydrocarbons.If there are no hydrogen supersession,there would be no abundant petroleum formed.H2-producing bacteria contain hydrogenase with the ability to generate hydrogen.Some kinds of microbes produce H2 in the process of organic matter degradation while others utilize H2 for their living,thus for both the production and utilization of hydrogen can be always kept on a steady dynamic equilibrium.Only when H2-expending microbial existed,those of H2-producing can be grown up.H2-expending function of the bacteria can further improve the continuous reaction of hydrogen production.Those mutualistic symbioses can take place in every stage of petroleum formation.Hydrogen transformation is one of the most important characteristics to distinguish anaerobic decomposition of organic matters from aerobia ones.The growth and breeding of microbial are influenced under temperature,nutrient and sedimentary environments.Microbial populations are replaced unceasingly from shallow to deep layers,of which the primary population died and disappeared for the change of living conditions and new bacteria might be multiplied in a great quantity.Those died microorganisms can be deposited into sedimentary layers and then transformed into hydrocarbons.The enzyme is one protein with catalytic activity,from which all life actions of microbes can not be available.One kind of enzyme can only catalyze one certain reaction and/or complicate one kind of reactions,of which there is unique enzyme system at every stage.The enzyme might be also transformed into petroleum component after its special metabolism routing complicated.Such as chlorophyll can be transformed into F430-coenzyme of methanogen,and then converted to porphyrin compounds.The stratigraphic geothermal can promote the thermosplitting decomposition of organic matters and result in the breaking of C-C bond much more frequently.In addition,the degradation by anaerobic activity might also be able to improve the degradation of organic matters.Both two different pathways are unanimous,each other and cooperative to speed up the splitting decomposition of organic matters.The function of hydrocarbons formation through reform and/or transformation of organic matters by microbes also include the elimination of oxygen containing groups,the production and utilization of hydrogen to generate saturated hydrocarbons etc.and thus their significance could be much more important and comprehensive for discussion on the formation of crude oils and natural gases.
The discovery of H2-producing bacteria is a great advance in modern scientific research of microbiology.The hydrogen supersession(the generation and utilization of hydrogen)is the important link for microbially degradation of organic matters and generation of hydrocarbons in geological systems.During the progress of petroleum-formation,hydrogen is a middle product and also a major product.Addition of extra hydrogen is necessary all for the degradation of macromolecular compounds into low molecule ones,the elimination of oxygen-containing groups and also the transformation of alkenes into saturated hydrocarbons.If there are no hydrogen supersession,there would be no abundant petroleum formed.H2-producing bacteria contain hydrogenase with the ability to generate hydrogen.Some kinds of microbes produce H2 in the process of organic matter degradation while others utilize H2 for their living,thus for both the production and utilization of hydrogen can be always kept on a steady dynamic equilibrium.Only when H2-expending microbial existed,those of H2-producing can be grown up.H2-expending function of the bacteria can further improve the continuous reaction of hydrogen production.Those mutualistic symbioses can take place in every stage of petroleum formation.Hydrogen transformation is one of the most important characteristics to distinguish anaerobic decomposition of organic matters from aerobia ones.The growth and breeding of microbial are influenced under temperature,nutrient and sedimentary environments.Microbial populations are replaced unceasingly from shallow to deep layers,of which the primary population died and disappeared for the change of living conditions and new bacteria might be multiplied in a great quantity.Those died microorganisms can be deposited into sedimentary layers and then transformed into hydrocarbons.The enzyme is one protein with catalytic activity,from which all life actions of microbes can not be available.One kind of enzyme can only catalyze one certain reaction and/or complicate one kind of reactions,of which there is unique enzyme system at every stage.The enzyme might be also transformed into petroleum component after its special metabolism routing complicated.Such as chlorophyll can be transformed into F430-coenzyme of methanogen,and then converted to porphyrin compounds.The stratigraphic geothermal can promote the thermosplitting decomposition of organic matters and result in the breaking of C-C bond much more frequently.In addition,the degradation by anaerobic activity might also be able to improve the degradation of organic matters.Both two different pathways are unanimous,each other and cooperative to speed up the splitting decomposition of organic matters.The function of hydrocarbons formation through reform and/or transformation of organic matters by microbes also include the elimination of oxygen containing groups,the production and utilization of hydrogen to generate saturated hydrocarbons etc.and thus their significance could be much more important and comprehensive for discussion on the formation of crude oils and natural gases.
引文
[1]惠荣耀,丁安娜.微生物在石油生成中的作用(一):降解和去含氧基团[J].沉积学报,2017,35(6):1274-1283.[Hui Rongyao,Ding Anna.The role of microorganisms in the oil generation(Ⅰ):the degradation of macromolecular organic matter and the elimination of oxygen-containing groups[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2017,35(6):1274-1283.]
[2]王大珍.有机沉积区中由微生物导致的物质与能量转化[J].沉积学报,1983,1(1):75-85.[Wang Dazhen.Microbiological conversion of substances and energy in organic sedimentary regions[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1983,1(1):75-84.]
[3]袁权.能源化学进展[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:2004-2006.[Yuan Quan.Advances in energy chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2005:2004-2006.]
[4]Nazeeruddin M K,Kay I,Rodicio R,et al.Conversion of light to electricity by cis-X2Bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(Ⅱ)charge-transfer sensitizers(X=Cl-,Br-,I-,CN-and SCN-)on nanocrystalline TiO2 electordes[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1993,115(14):6382-6390.
[5]Reddy C A,Bryant M P,Wolin M J.Characteristics of S organism isolated from Methanobacillus omelianskii[J].Journal of Bacteriology,1972,109(2):539-545.
[6]McInerney M J,Bryant M P.Anaerobic degradation of lactate by syntrophic associations of Methanosarcina barkeri and Desulfovibrio species and effect of H2 on acetate degradation[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1981,41(2):346-354.
[7]Boone D R,Bryant M P.Propionate-degrading bacterium,Syntrophobacter Wolinii sp.nov.gen.nov.,from methanogenic ecosystems[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology,1980,40(3):626-632.
[8]丁安娜,宋桂侠,惠荣耀,等.松辽盆地滨北地区生物气源岩酸性含氧化合物的分布及其地球化学意义[J].天然气地球科学,2004,15(1):51-57.[Ding Anna,Song Guixia,Hui Rongyao,etal.Distribution of acid bearing-oxygen compounds and its geochemical significance in source rocks of biogas,Binbei area,Songliao Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2004,15(1):51-57.]
[9]丁安娜,卢双舫,冯子辉,等.生物气源岩中原核生物改性指标与评价新方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(1):59-66.[Ding Anna,Lu Shuangfang,Feng Zihui,et al.Activity of bacteria and archaea in immature or lower-mature organic matter and new appraisal methods for biogas source rocks[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2008,35(1):59-66.]
[10]彼得斯K E,莫尔多万J M.生物标记化合物指南:古代沉积物和石油中分子化石的解释[M].姜乃煌,张水昌,林永汉,等译.北京:石油工业出版社,1995:102-136.[Peters K E,Moldowan JM.The biomarker guide:interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments[M].Jiang Naihuang,Zhang Shuichang,Lin Yonghan,et al,trans.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1995:102-136.]
[11]盛国英,张千,付家谟,等.生物标志物及其古生物与古环境意义[M]//杨群.分子生物学原理与方法.北京:科学出版社,2003:96-148.[Sheng Guoying,Zhang Qian,Fu Jiamo,et al.Biomarkers and theirs fingerprint significance in palaeobiology and palaeo-environment[M]//Yang Qun.Principle and method of molecular biology.Beijing:Science Press,2003:96-148.]
[12]王铁冠.生物标志物地球化学研究[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1990.[Wang Tieguan.Approach to biomarker geochemistry[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990.]
[13]丁安娜,王明明,李本亮,等.生物气的形成机理及源岩的地球化学特征:以柴达木盆地生物气为例[J].天然气地球科学,2003,14(5):402-407.[Ding Anna,Wang Mingming,Li Benliang,et al.Biogas forming mechanism and geochemical characteristics of its source rock[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2003,14(5):402-407.]
[14]中国科学院地球化学研究所有机地球化学与沉积学研究室.有机地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1982:121-134.[Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry,Institute of Geochemistry.Organic geochemistry[M].Beijing:Science Press,1982:121-134.]
[15]Hodgson G W,Hitchon B,Taguchi K,et al.Geochemistry of porphyrins,chlorins and polycyclic aromatics in soils,sediments and sedimentary rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1968,32(7):737-772.
[16]Thauer R K,Shima S.Methane as fuel for anaerobic microorganisms[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1125(1):158-170.
[17]丁安娜,夏燕青,妥进才,等.D型菌解无定形体和B型微粒体的热模拟实验研究[J].石油实验地质,1999,21(2):175-179,183.[Ding Anna,Xia Yanqing,Tuo Jincai,et al.Study on the thermal simulation experiment of D-bacteriodecomposed amorphous solid and B-micrinite[J].Experimental Petroleum Geology,1999,21(2):175-179,183.]
[18]黄第藩,李晋超,周翥虹,等.陆相有机质演化和成烃机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1984:154-159.[Huang Difan,Li Jinchao,Zhou Zhuhong,et al.The evolutional and hydrocarbon-generating mechanism of terrestrial organic matter[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1984:154-159.]
[19]丁安娜,黄第藩,惠荣耀,等.未熟有机质发酵后饱和烃中主要生物标志化合物的变化[J].地球化学,2001,30(5):407-415.[Ding Anna,Huang Difan,Hui Rongyao,et al.Changes of main biomarkers in saturated hydrocarbon fractions after fermentation of immature organic matter[J].Geochimica,2001,30(5):407-415.]
[2]王大珍.有机沉积区中由微生物导致的物质与能量转化[J].沉积学报,1983,1(1):75-85.[Wang Dazhen.Microbiological conversion of substances and energy in organic sedimentary regions[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1983,1(1):75-84.]
[3]袁权.能源化学进展[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:2004-2006.[Yuan Quan.Advances in energy chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2005:2004-2006.]
[4]Nazeeruddin M K,Kay I,Rodicio R,et al.Conversion of light to electricity by cis-X2Bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(Ⅱ)charge-transfer sensitizers(X=Cl-,Br-,I-,CN-and SCN-)on nanocrystalline TiO2 electordes[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1993,115(14):6382-6390.
[5]Reddy C A,Bryant M P,Wolin M J.Characteristics of S organism isolated from Methanobacillus omelianskii[J].Journal of Bacteriology,1972,109(2):539-545.
[6]McInerney M J,Bryant M P.Anaerobic degradation of lactate by syntrophic associations of Methanosarcina barkeri and Desulfovibrio species and effect of H2 on acetate degradation[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1981,41(2):346-354.
[7]Boone D R,Bryant M P.Propionate-degrading bacterium,Syntrophobacter Wolinii sp.nov.gen.nov.,from methanogenic ecosystems[J].Applied and Environment Microbiology,1980,40(3):626-632.
[8]丁安娜,宋桂侠,惠荣耀,等.松辽盆地滨北地区生物气源岩酸性含氧化合物的分布及其地球化学意义[J].天然气地球科学,2004,15(1):51-57.[Ding Anna,Song Guixia,Hui Rongyao,etal.Distribution of acid bearing-oxygen compounds and its geochemical significance in source rocks of biogas,Binbei area,Songliao Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2004,15(1):51-57.]
[9]丁安娜,卢双舫,冯子辉,等.生物气源岩中原核生物改性指标与评价新方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(1):59-66.[Ding Anna,Lu Shuangfang,Feng Zihui,et al.Activity of bacteria and archaea in immature or lower-mature organic matter and new appraisal methods for biogas source rocks[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2008,35(1):59-66.]
[10]彼得斯K E,莫尔多万J M.生物标记化合物指南:古代沉积物和石油中分子化石的解释[M].姜乃煌,张水昌,林永汉,等译.北京:石油工业出版社,1995:102-136.[Peters K E,Moldowan JM.The biomarker guide:interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments[M].Jiang Naihuang,Zhang Shuichang,Lin Yonghan,et al,trans.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1995:102-136.]
[11]盛国英,张千,付家谟,等.生物标志物及其古生物与古环境意义[M]//杨群.分子生物学原理与方法.北京:科学出版社,2003:96-148.[Sheng Guoying,Zhang Qian,Fu Jiamo,et al.Biomarkers and theirs fingerprint significance in palaeobiology and palaeo-environment[M]//Yang Qun.Principle and method of molecular biology.Beijing:Science Press,2003:96-148.]
[12]王铁冠.生物标志物地球化学研究[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1990.[Wang Tieguan.Approach to biomarker geochemistry[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1990.]
[13]丁安娜,王明明,李本亮,等.生物气的形成机理及源岩的地球化学特征:以柴达木盆地生物气为例[J].天然气地球科学,2003,14(5):402-407.[Ding Anna,Wang Mingming,Li Benliang,et al.Biogas forming mechanism and geochemical characteristics of its source rock[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2003,14(5):402-407.]
[14]中国科学院地球化学研究所有机地球化学与沉积学研究室.有机地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1982:121-134.[Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry,Institute of Geochemistry.Organic geochemistry[M].Beijing:Science Press,1982:121-134.]
[15]Hodgson G W,Hitchon B,Taguchi K,et al.Geochemistry of porphyrins,chlorins and polycyclic aromatics in soils,sediments and sedimentary rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1968,32(7):737-772.
[16]Thauer R K,Shima S.Methane as fuel for anaerobic microorganisms[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,1125(1):158-170.
[17]丁安娜,夏燕青,妥进才,等.D型菌解无定形体和B型微粒体的热模拟实验研究[J].石油实验地质,1999,21(2):175-179,183.[Ding Anna,Xia Yanqing,Tuo Jincai,et al.Study on the thermal simulation experiment of D-bacteriodecomposed amorphous solid and B-micrinite[J].Experimental Petroleum Geology,1999,21(2):175-179,183.]
[18]黄第藩,李晋超,周翥虹,等.陆相有机质演化和成烃机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1984:154-159.[Huang Difan,Li Jinchao,Zhou Zhuhong,et al.The evolutional and hydrocarbon-generating mechanism of terrestrial organic matter[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1984:154-159.]
[19]丁安娜,黄第藩,惠荣耀,等.未熟有机质发酵后饱和烃中主要生物标志化合物的变化[J].地球化学,2001,30(5):407-415.[Ding Anna,Huang Difan,Hui Rongyao,et al.Changes of main biomarkers in saturated hydrocarbon fractions after fermentation of immature organic matter[J].Geochimica,2001,30(5):407-415.]