黄河经济带县域城乡收入差距的空间格局及影响因素
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摘要
以城乡收入比为指标,采用变异系数、泰尔指数及探索性空间数据分析等方法,分析2000-2015年黄河经济带县域城乡收入差距的空间特征及影响因素,探索其作用机理.结果显示:(1)整个经济带的城乡收入差距在整个研究期表现为波动下降状态,近期有进一步下降的趋势.(2)从空间分布看,城乡收入差距较大区域在西南部占据主导并形成连绵区,城乡收入差距较小区域在中东、东部地区且在山东半岛城市群、中原城市群及经济发达区形成连绵分布区.(3)从空间关联特征看,主要以HH区和LL区为主,表明空间上存在集聚性.显著HH区在青海省南部、甘肃省南部和东部及吕梁山区形成连绵分布区,显著LL区逐渐在山东半岛城市群和河南省中北部区域、内蒙古东西两侧区域等集聚分布.(4)从影响因素看,地形地貌发挥重要的"本底"影响,经济发展水平起基础性支撑作用,乡村振兴层面的"产业兴旺"起重要的支撑作用,"五化"的交织作用明显,电子商务业发挥的作用在不同区域表现不一致,"路径依赖"的效应依然存在.
The coefficient of standard variation,Theil index,Moran's I,spatial classification,exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial regression were used to analyze the spatial pattern evolution of urban-rural income gap and its driving factors at county level in Yellow River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2015based on the index of urban-rural income ratio.The results showed that:The difference of income gap between urban and rural areas in the Yellow River economic zone was generally fluctuating,and recently it declined more obviously.From the pattern of spatial distribution,the areas with extremely high,higher and high urban-rural income gap occupied the main type and aggregated in the southwestern region,and it formed a continuous zone.The areas with extremely low,lower and low urban-rural income gap were mainly distributed in the middle east and eastern region(Yellow River Delta,major urban agglomeration and developed area).It formed a clear continuous distribution area in the city group of Shandong Peninsular,the Central Plains City Group,and the developed areas.From the pattern of spatial autocorrelation,the number of the High-High regions(HH regions)and Low-Low regions(LL regions)occupy most and the spatial agglomeration pattern was obvious.The significant HH areas were mainly distributed in southern Qinghai Province,southern and eastern Gansu Province,and Luliang mountain area,which formed the continuous distribution area.The distribution of the significant LL areas formed two centralized distribution areas in the central and eastern of the whole economic region,in which the one was in the city group of Shandong Peninsular and themiddle north,and the other was in the east and west sides of Inner Mongolia.The driving effect of the influence factors was as follows.The natural location conditions played an important impact,the level of economic development played a fundamental role,the positive effect of Five-izatiion(urbanization,industrialization,agricultural modernization,informationizatiion and greenization)was obvious,the rural industry supporting played an important role in improving the rural income,the online commerce played a different role in different regions,and the effect of"path dependence"still existed.
The coefficient of standard variation,Theil index,Moran's I,spatial classification,exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial regression were used to analyze the spatial pattern evolution of urban-rural income gap and its driving factors at county level in Yellow River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2015based on the index of urban-rural income ratio.The results showed that:The difference of income gap between urban and rural areas in the Yellow River economic zone was generally fluctuating,and recently it declined more obviously.From the pattern of spatial distribution,the areas with extremely high,higher and high urban-rural income gap occupied the main type and aggregated in the southwestern region,and it formed a continuous zone.The areas with extremely low,lower and low urban-rural income gap were mainly distributed in the middle east and eastern region(Yellow River Delta,major urban agglomeration and developed area).It formed a clear continuous distribution area in the city group of Shandong Peninsular,the Central Plains City Group,and the developed areas.From the pattern of spatial autocorrelation,the number of the High-High regions(HH regions)and Low-Low regions(LL regions)occupy most and the spatial agglomeration pattern was obvious.The significant HH areas were mainly distributed in southern Qinghai Province,southern and eastern Gansu Province,and Luliang mountain area,which formed the continuous distribution area.The distribution of the significant LL areas formed two centralized distribution areas in the central and eastern of the whole economic region,in which the one was in the city group of Shandong Peninsular and themiddle north,and the other was in the east and west sides of Inner Mongolia.The driving effect of the influence factors was as follows.The natural location conditions played an important impact,the level of economic development played a fundamental role,the positive effect of Five-izatiion(urbanization,industrialization,agricultural modernization,informationizatiion and greenization)was obvious,the rural industry supporting played an important role in improving the rural income,the online commerce played a different role in different regions,and the effect of"path dependence"still existed.
引文
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[9]王少平,欧阳志刚.中国城乡收入差距对实际经济增长的阈值效应[J].中国社会科学,2008(2):54-66.WANG S P,OUYANG Z G.The threshold effect of China'urban-rural income inequality on real economic growth[J].China Social Science,2008(2):54-66.
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[11]杨天宇,刘青松,范静泊.城乡移民与居民收入不平等:基于变异系数的理论分析[J].云南财经大学学报,2012(5):28-35.YANG T Y,LIU Q S,FAN J P.Urban-rural migrants and income inequality of residents:Based on theoretical analysis of coefficient of variation[J].Journal of Yunnan University of Finance and Economics,2012(5):28-35.
[12]宋伟轩,陈雯,彭颖.长三角区域一体化背景下城乡收入格局演变研究[J].地理科学,2013,33(9):1037-1042.SONG W X,CHEN W,PENG Y.Spatial pattern of urban-rural income under the background of regional integration the Changjiang River Delta[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(9):1037-1042.
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[14]许秀川,王钊.城市化、工业化与城乡收入差距互动关系的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2008(12):65-71.XU X C,WANG Z.Empirical study on the interactive relationship among urbanization,industrialization and urban-rural income disparity in China[J].Problems of Agricultural Economy,2008(12):65-71.
[15]周少甫,亓寿伟,卢忠宝.地区差异、城市化与城乡收入差异[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(8):115-120.ZHOU S F,QI S W,LU Z B.Region difference,urbanization and urban-rural income gap[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2010,20(8):115-120.
[16]刘添荣,叶民强.中国城乡收入差异的库兹涅茨曲线研究:基于各省份面板数据(1978-2000年)实证分析[J].经济问题探索,2006(6):9-13.LIU T R,YE M Q.Kuznets curve study of urban-rural income differences in China:Based on empirical analysis of panel data of each province(1978-2000)[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2006(6):9-13.
[17]吴先华.城镇化、市民化与城乡收入差距关系的实证研究:基于山东省时间序列数据及面板数据的实证分析[J].地理科学,2011,31(1):68-73.WU X H.Relationship among urbanization,citizenization and urban-rural income inequality:An empirical analysis based on time series data and panel data of Shandong Province[J].Scientia Geograplica Sinica,2011,31(1):68-73.
[18]潘竟虎.中国地级及以上城市城乡收入差距时空分异格局[J].经济地理,2014,34(6):60-67.PAN J H.Spatiotemporal pattern of urban-rural income gap of prefecture level cities or above in China[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(6):60-67.
[19]王凤芹.中国城乡收入差距现状及缩小差距的措施研究[J].特区经济,2010(10):231-232.WANG F Q.Research on current situation and counter measures of China's urban-rural income gap[J].Special Zone Economy,2010(10):231-232.
[20]宋笑月.缩小湖南城乡收入差距的农业产业化路径[J].经济地理,2011,31(6):1003-1007.SONG X Y.Agricultural industrialization:Best route to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas of Hunan[J].Economic Geography,2011,31(6):1003-1007.
[21]杨娜曼,肖地楚,黄静波.城乡统筹发展视角下湖南省城乡协调发展评价[J].经济地理,2014,34(3):58-64.YANG N M,XIAO D C,HUANG J B.Urban and rural balanced development evaluation in Hunan Province[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(3):58-64.
[22]YANG D T.Urban-biased policies and rising income inequality in China[J].American Economic Review,1999,89(2):306-310.
[23]雷根强,蔡翔.初次分配扭曲、财政支出城市偏向与城乡收入差距:来自中国省级面板数据的经验证据[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2012(3):76-89.LEI G Q,CAI X.The distortion of primary income distribution,urban-rural biased fiscal expenditure policy and urbanrural inequality[J].The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2012(3):76-89.
[24]林光彬.等级制度、市场经济与城乡收入差距扩大[J].管理世界,2004(4):36-46.LIN G B.Hierarchy,market economy and income gap between urban and rural areas[J].Management World,2004(4):36-46.
[25]郭剑雄.人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛[J].中国社会科学,2005(3):27-37.GUO J X.Human capital,the birth rate and the narrowing of the urban-rural income gap[J].China Social Science,2005(3):27-37.
[26]苏华,陈伟华,陈文俊.要素生产率和要素配置作用下的中国城乡收入差距[J].经济地理,2012,32(4):44-49.SU H,CHEN W H,CHEN W J.Urban-rural income inequality in China under the role of factor productivity and factor distribution[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(4):44-49.
[27]王海江,苗长虹,乔旭宁.黄河经济带中心城市服务能力的空间格局[J].经济地理,2017,37(7):33-39.WANG H J,MIAO C H,QIAO X N.Central cities external service capabilities spatial distribution of Yellow River Economic Belt[J].Economic Gegography,2017,37(7):33-39.
[28]刘晨光,李二玲,覃成林.中国城乡协调发展空间格局与演化研究[J].人文地理,2012,27(2):97-102.LIU C G,LI E L,QIN C L.Spatial patterns and its evolution of economic coordinated development between urban and rural areas in China[J].Human Geography,2012,27(2):97-102.
[29]徐建华.计量地理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.XU J H.Quantitative methods in Geography[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008.
[2]丁志伟,张改素,王发曾.中原地区多尺度城乡收入的时空分异[J].地理研究,2015,24(1):131-148.DING Z W,ZHANG G S,WANG F Z.Spatial-temporal differentiation of urban-rural income in Central Plains Region at different scales[J].Geographical Research,2015,24(1):131-148.
[3]杨国安,徐勇.中国西部城乡收入差距与城镇化的关系检验:以青海省为例[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(8):961-967.YANG G A,XU Y.The relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and urbanization in West China:A case study of Qinghai Province[J].Progress in Geography,2010,29(8):961-967.
[4]曾国安,胡晶晶.中国城乡居民收入差距演变趋势及原因研究述评[J].当代经济研究,2007(6):26-30.ZENG G A,HU J J.A review of the trends and causes of the income gap between urban and rural residents in China[J].Contemporary Economic Research,2007(6):26-30.
[5]李云娥,周云波.中国城乡收入差距未来发展趋势的预测[J].山西财经大学学报,2007,29(10):14-18.LI Y E,ZHOU Y B.Prediction on the future tendency of Chinese urban and rural incomes gap[J].Journal of Shanxi Finance and Economics University,2007,29(10):14-18.
[6]张改素.基于新型城镇化的中原经济区城乡统筹发展研究[D].开封:河南大学,2015.ZHANG G S.A study on urban-rural coordination development of Zhongyuan Economic Region based on new urbanization[D].Kaifeng:Henan University,2015.
[7]李实,罗楚亮.中国城乡居民收入差距的重新估计[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,44(2):111-120.LI S,LUO C L.Re-estimating the income gap between urban and rural households in China[J].Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2007,44(2):111-120.
[8]王红涛.中国城乡收入差距分析:基于泰尔指数的分解[J].经济论坛,2009(12):4-8.WANG H T.The urban-rural income analysis in China based on decomposition of the Theil index[J].Economic Forum,2009(12):4-8.
[9]王少平,欧阳志刚.中国城乡收入差距对实际经济增长的阈值效应[J].中国社会科学,2008(2):54-66.WANG S P,OUYANG Z G.The threshold effect of China'urban-rural income inequality on real economic growth[J].China Social Science,2008(2):54-66.
[10]韩立岩,杜春越.收入差距、借贷水平与居民消费的地区及城乡差异[J].经济研究,2012(S1):15-27.HAN L Y,DU C Y.Regional differences,urban and rural income inequality,credit level and consumption[J].Economic Research Journal,2012(S1):15-27.
[11]杨天宇,刘青松,范静泊.城乡移民与居民收入不平等:基于变异系数的理论分析[J].云南财经大学学报,2012(5):28-35.YANG T Y,LIU Q S,FAN J P.Urban-rural migrants and income inequality of residents:Based on theoretical analysis of coefficient of variation[J].Journal of Yunnan University of Finance and Economics,2012(5):28-35.
[12]宋伟轩,陈雯,彭颖.长三角区域一体化背景下城乡收入格局演变研究[J].地理科学,2013,33(9):1037-1042.SONG W X,CHEN W,PENG Y.Spatial pattern of urban-rural income under the background of regional integration the Changjiang River Delta[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(9):1037-1042.
[13]陈建东.按城乡分解我国居民收入基尼系数的研究[J].中国经济问题,2010(4):33-41.CHEN J D.The studies on the decomposed Chinese Gini coefficient by urban/rural residents[J].China Economic Studies,2010(4):33-41.
[14]许秀川,王钊.城市化、工业化与城乡收入差距互动关系的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2008(12):65-71.XU X C,WANG Z.Empirical study on the interactive relationship among urbanization,industrialization and urban-rural income disparity in China[J].Problems of Agricultural Economy,2008(12):65-71.
[15]周少甫,亓寿伟,卢忠宝.地区差异、城市化与城乡收入差异[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(8):115-120.ZHOU S F,QI S W,LU Z B.Region difference,urbanization and urban-rural income gap[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2010,20(8):115-120.
[16]刘添荣,叶民强.中国城乡收入差异的库兹涅茨曲线研究:基于各省份面板数据(1978-2000年)实证分析[J].经济问题探索,2006(6):9-13.LIU T R,YE M Q.Kuznets curve study of urban-rural income differences in China:Based on empirical analysis of panel data of each province(1978-2000)[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2006(6):9-13.
[17]吴先华.城镇化、市民化与城乡收入差距关系的实证研究:基于山东省时间序列数据及面板数据的实证分析[J].地理科学,2011,31(1):68-73.WU X H.Relationship among urbanization,citizenization and urban-rural income inequality:An empirical analysis based on time series data and panel data of Shandong Province[J].Scientia Geograplica Sinica,2011,31(1):68-73.
[18]潘竟虎.中国地级及以上城市城乡收入差距时空分异格局[J].经济地理,2014,34(6):60-67.PAN J H.Spatiotemporal pattern of urban-rural income gap of prefecture level cities or above in China[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(6):60-67.
[19]王凤芹.中国城乡收入差距现状及缩小差距的措施研究[J].特区经济,2010(10):231-232.WANG F Q.Research on current situation and counter measures of China's urban-rural income gap[J].Special Zone Economy,2010(10):231-232.
[20]宋笑月.缩小湖南城乡收入差距的农业产业化路径[J].经济地理,2011,31(6):1003-1007.SONG X Y.Agricultural industrialization:Best route to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas of Hunan[J].Economic Geography,2011,31(6):1003-1007.
[21]杨娜曼,肖地楚,黄静波.城乡统筹发展视角下湖南省城乡协调发展评价[J].经济地理,2014,34(3):58-64.YANG N M,XIAO D C,HUANG J B.Urban and rural balanced development evaluation in Hunan Province[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(3):58-64.
[22]YANG D T.Urban-biased policies and rising income inequality in China[J].American Economic Review,1999,89(2):306-310.
[23]雷根强,蔡翔.初次分配扭曲、财政支出城市偏向与城乡收入差距:来自中国省级面板数据的经验证据[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2012(3):76-89.LEI G Q,CAI X.The distortion of primary income distribution,urban-rural biased fiscal expenditure policy and urbanrural inequality[J].The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2012(3):76-89.
[24]林光彬.等级制度、市场经济与城乡收入差距扩大[J].管理世界,2004(4):36-46.LIN G B.Hierarchy,market economy and income gap between urban and rural areas[J].Management World,2004(4):36-46.
[25]郭剑雄.人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛[J].中国社会科学,2005(3):27-37.GUO J X.Human capital,the birth rate and the narrowing of the urban-rural income gap[J].China Social Science,2005(3):27-37.
[26]苏华,陈伟华,陈文俊.要素生产率和要素配置作用下的中国城乡收入差距[J].经济地理,2012,32(4):44-49.SU H,CHEN W H,CHEN W J.Urban-rural income inequality in China under the role of factor productivity and factor distribution[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(4):44-49.
[27]王海江,苗长虹,乔旭宁.黄河经济带中心城市服务能力的空间格局[J].经济地理,2017,37(7):33-39.WANG H J,MIAO C H,QIAO X N.Central cities external service capabilities spatial distribution of Yellow River Economic Belt[J].Economic Gegography,2017,37(7):33-39.
[28]刘晨光,李二玲,覃成林.中国城乡协调发展空间格局与演化研究[J].人文地理,2012,27(2):97-102.LIU C G,LI E L,QIN C L.Spatial patterns and its evolution of economic coordinated development between urban and rural areas in China[J].Human Geography,2012,27(2):97-102.
[29]徐建华.计量地理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.XU J H.Quantitative methods in Geography[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008.