浊点萃取在锕系和镧系元素分离分析中的应用
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摘要
浊点萃取(cloud point extraction, CPE)是一种安全环保同时兼具高富集系数和低成本的萃取方法,在分析化学中已经被广泛应用于金属离子分析等领域。锕系和镧系金属元素存在环境复杂,自身浓度相对较低,对其进行分离和分析一直是放射化学研究者所关注的问题。经过条件优化,CPE能够有选择性地分离和富集锕系和镧系金属元素。通过与多种技术联用,CPE能实现锕系和镧系元素的高灵敏度分析。本文在介绍浊点萃取机理的基础上,着重描述了不同萃取体系中各类萃取剂(β-二酮类、膦氧类、含氮类、含硫类)对于锕系和镧系元素的萃取效果,全面总结了其中使用的不同联用技术,同时简述了通过构筑超分子识别位点,修饰配体,使用不同表面活性剂及掩蔽剂等改良现有浊点萃取体系的尝试。最后,对浊点萃取在放射化学领域的应用进行了总结和展望。
Cloud point extraction(CPE) is an extraction method with high concentration coefficient, low cost and safety, which has been widely used in analytical chemistry for metal ion analyses. As the sample composition of actinides and lanthanides is usually complicated and their concentrations are very low, their separation and analyses have become a significant issue in the field of radiochemistry. After optimization of extraction conditions, CPE can selectively separate and concentrate actinides and lanthanides. Combining with various technologies, CPE can achieve high sensitivity in analyses of actinides and lanthanides. Based on the CPE mechanism, we put an emphasis on the effects of different extractants(e.g., β-diketone, phosphine oxide, nitrogen and sulfur containing extractants) on actinides and lanthanides in various extraction systems. We also summarize the coupling techniques in CPE and describe attempts on constructing supramolecular recognition sites, altering ligands, using diverse surfactants and masking agents to improve the existing CPE systems. Besides, the perspectives of cloud point extraction in the field of radiochemistry are presented.
Cloud point extraction(CPE) is an extraction method with high concentration coefficient, low cost and safety, which has been widely used in analytical chemistry for metal ion analyses. As the sample composition of actinides and lanthanides is usually complicated and their concentrations are very low, their separation and analyses have become a significant issue in the field of radiochemistry. After optimization of extraction conditions, CPE can selectively separate and concentrate actinides and lanthanides. Combining with various technologies, CPE can achieve high sensitivity in analyses of actinides and lanthanides. Based on the CPE mechanism, we put an emphasis on the effects of different extractants(e.g., β-diketone, phosphine oxide, nitrogen and sulfur containing extractants) on actinides and lanthanides in various extraction systems. We also summarize the coupling techniques in CPE and describe attempts on constructing supramolecular recognition sites, altering ligands, using diverse surfactants and masking agents to improve the existing CPE systems. Besides, the perspectives of cloud point extraction in the field of radiochemistry are presented.
引文
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[39] Liang H L,Chen Q D,Xu C,et al.Selective cloud point extraction of uranium from thorium and lanthanides using Cyanex 301 as extractant[J].Sep Purif Technol,2019,210:835-842.
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[45] Akl Z F.Micelle-mediated preconcentration using cationic surfactants for the spectrophotometric determination of uranium in aqueous solutions[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2015,308(2):693-700.
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[51] Labrecque C,Larivière D.Quantification of rare earth elements using cloud point extraction with diglycolamide and ICP-MS for environmental analysis[J].Anal Methods,2014,6(23):9291-9298.
[52] Labrecque C,Lebed P J,Lariviere D.Isotopic signature of selected lanthanides for nuclear activities profiling using cloud point extraction and ICP-MS/MS[J].J Environ Radioact,2016,155-156:15-22.
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[2] Saitoh T,Kimura Y,Kamidate T,et al.Distribution equilibria of metal-chelates between 2 phases separated from a micellar solution of a nonionic surfactant[M].Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society,1987:211-COLL.
[3] Saitoh T,Kimura Y,Kamidate T,et al.Distribution equilibria of metal-chelates with thiazolylazo dyes between 2 phases formed from an aqueous micellar solution of a nonionic surfactant[J].Anal Sci,1989,5(5):577-581.
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[5] Elistratova Y G,Mustafina A R,Tatarinov D A,et al.Micellar extraction of the lanthanide ions from acidic media[J].Russ Chem Bull,2009,58(11):2222-2227.
[6] Hagarová I.Separation and quantification of metallic nanoparticles using cloud point extraction and spectrometric methods:a brief review of latest applications[J].Anal Meth,2017,9(24):3594-3601.
[7] Pytlakowska K,Kozik V,Dabioch M.Complex-forming organic ligands in cloud-point extraction of metal ions:a review[J].Talanta,2013,110(7):202-228.
[8] Marszall L.Cloud point of mixed ionic-nonionic surfactant solutions in the presence of electrolytes[J].Langmuir,1988,4(1):90-93.
[9] Sun T X,Gao S,Chen Q D,et al.Investigation on the interactions between hydrophobic anions of ionic liquids and triton X-114 micelles in aqueous solutions[J].Colloids Surf,A,2014,456(1):18-25.
[10] Vicente F A,Cardoso I S,Sintra T E,et al.Impact of surface active ionic liquids on the cloud points of nonionic surfactants and the formation of aqueous micellar two-phase systems[J].J Phys Chem B,2017,121(37):8742-8755.
[11] 宋吉英,李军德.浊点萃取技术的应用[J].化学世界,2008(5):311-314.
[12] 王红艳,王聪,苏永祥,等.浊点萃取-荧光光度法测定水中的苯酚[J].中国无机分析化学,2015,5(3):11-15.
[13] Bordier C.Phase separation of integral membrane proteins in triton X-114 solution[J].J Biol Chem,1981,256(4):1604-1607.
[14] Niu Z,Zhang W,Yu C,et al.Recent advances in biological sample preparation methods coupled with chromatography,spectrometry and electrochemistry analysis techniques[J].TRAC:Trend Anal Chem,2018,102:123-146.
[15] Hagarová I.Cloud point extraction utilizable for separation and preconcentration of (ultra) trace elements in biological fluids before their determination by spectrometric methods:a brief review[J].Chem Pap,2016,71(5):869-879.
[16] Silva M F,Cerutti E S,Martinez L D.Coupling cloud point extraction to instrumental detection systems for metal analysis[J].Microchim Acta,2006,155(3-4):349-364.
[17] Li J,Li G,Han Q.Determination of trace uranium by resonance fluorescence method coupled with photo-catalytic technology and dual cloud point extraction[J].Spectrochim Acta A,2016,169:208-215.
[18] Pérez-Gramatges A,Chatt A.Preconcentration neutron activation analysis of lanthanides by cloud point extraction using PAN[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2006,269(2):491-497.
[19] Ortega C,Cerutti S,Olsina R A,et al.On-line complexation/cloud point preconcentration for the sensitive determination of dysprosium in urine by flow injection inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry[J].Anal Bioanal Chem,2003,375(2):270-274.
[20] 权彦,王枭洋,赵佳鑫,等.浊点萃取-高效液相法测甘草中甘草次酸和甘草酸含量[J].当代化工,2018,47(5):1089-1092.
[21] 高国芳,范哲锋.双浊点萃取-毛细管电泳法测定天然水中酚类化合物的研究[J].分析科学学报,2016,32(1):95-98.
[22] Samaddar P,Sen K.Cloud point extraction:a sustainable method of elemental preconcentration and speciation[J].J Ind Eng Chem,2014,20(4):1209-1219.
[23] Kumari N,Pathak P N,Mohapatra P K.Comparative evaluation of different extractants toward cloud formation behavior and metal ion extraction:spectrophotometric,dynamic light scattering,and extraction studies[J].Ind Eng Chem Res,2013,52(43):15146-15153.
[24] Depoi F dos S,Bentlin F R S,Ferr?o M F,et al.Multivariate optimization for cloud point extraction and determination of lanthanides[J].Anal Meth,2012,4(9):2809-2814.
[25] Shemirani F,Yousefi S R.Selective extraction and preconcentration of cerium(Ⅳ) in water samples by cloud point extraction and determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry[J].Microchim Acta,2006,157(3-4):223-227.
[26] Ohashi A,Hashimoto T,Imura H,et al.Cloud point extraction equilibrium of lanthanum(Ⅲ),europium(Ⅲ) and lutetium(Ⅲ) using di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and Triton X-100[J].Talanta,2007,73(5):893-898.
[27] Constantinou E,Pashalidis I.Thorium determination in water samples by liquid scintillation counting after its separation by cloud point extraction[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2010,287(1):261-265.
[28] Constantinou E,Pashalidis I.Uranium determination in water samples by liquid scintillation counting after cloud point extraction[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2010,286(2):461-465.
[29] Saha A,Deb S B,Sarkar A,et al.Simultaneous preconcentration of uranium and thorium in aqueous samples using cloud point extraction[J].RSC Adv,2016,6(24):20109-20119.
[30] Labrecque C,Whitty-Leveille L,Lariviere D.Cloud point extraction of plutonium in environmental matrixes coupled to ICP-MS and alpha spectrometry in highly acidic conditions[J].Anal Chem,2013,85(21):10549-10555.
[31] Labrecque C,Potvin S,Whitty-Leveille L,et al.Cloud point extraction of uranium using H(2)DEH[MDP] in acidic conditions[J].Talanta,2013,107:284-291.
[32] Labrecque C,Lavergne J L,Larivière D.Gross actinide preconcentration using phosphonate-based ligand and cloud point extraction[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2015,308(2):527-537.
[33] Li Y,Hu B.Cloud point extraction with/without chelating agent on-line coupled with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for the determination of trace rare earth elements in biological samples[J].J Hazard Mater,2010,174(1-3):534-540.
[34] Draye M,Thomas S,Cote G,et al.Cloud-point extraction for selective removal of Gd(Ⅲ) and La(Ⅲ) with 8-hydroxyquinoline[J].Sep Sci Technol,2005,40(1-3):611-622.
[35] Jong N D,Draye M,Favre-Réguillon A,et al.Lanthanum(Ⅲ) and gadolinium(Ⅲ) separation by cloud point extraction[J].J Colloid Interface Sci,2005,291(1):303-306.
[36] Favre-Réguillon A,Murat D,Cote G,et al.Temperature-induced surfactant-mediated pre-concentration of uranium assisted by complexation[J].J Chem Technol Biotechnol,2006,81(12):1872-1876.
[37] Ferreira H S,de Almeida Bezerra M,Costa Ferreira S L.A pre-concentration procedure using cloud point extraction for the determination of uranium in natural water[J].Microchim Acta,2006,154(1-2):163-167.
[38] Akl Z F.Sensitive quantification of uranium using cloud point extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2017,315(1):21-28.
[39] Liang H L,Chen Q D,Xu C,et al.Selective cloud point extraction of uranium from thorium and lanthanides using Cyanex 301 as extractant[J].Sep Purif Technol,2019,210:835-842.
[40] Pepper S E,Peterman D R,Tranter T J,et al.Detection of radionuclides in aqueous samples using cloud point extraction[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2009,282(3):909-912.
[41] Gao S,Sun T,Chen Q,et al.Improvement of the cloud point extraction of uranyl ions by the addition of ionic liquids[J].J Hazard Mater,2013,263(4):562-568.
[42] Zairov R R,Elistratova Y G,Mustafina A R,et al.Extraction of lanthanum and gadolinium(Ⅲ) at the cloud point using p-sulfonatocalyx[n]arenes as chelating agents[J].Colloid J,2009,71(1):69-75.
[43] Mustafina A,Elistratova J,Burilov A,et al.Cloud point extraction of lanthanide(Ⅲ) ions via use of triton X-100 without and with water-soluble calixarenes as added chelating agents[J].Talanta,2006,68(3):863-868.
[44] Mustafina A,Zakharova L,Elistratova J,et al.Solution behavior of mixed systems based on novel amphiphilic cyclophanes and triton X100:aggregation,cloud point phenomenon and cloud point extraction of lanthanide ions[J].J Colloid Interface Sci,2010,346(2):405-413.
[45] Akl Z F.Micelle-mediated preconcentration using cationic surfactants for the spectrophotometric determination of uranium in aqueous solutions[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2015,308(2):693-700.
[46] Shemirani F,Kozani R R,Jamali R M,et al.Micelle-mediated extraction for direct spectrophotometric determination of trace uranium(Ⅵ) in water samples[J].Sep Sci Technol,2005,40(12):2527-2537.
[47] Madrakian T,Afkhami A,Mousavi A.Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of uranium(Ⅵ) in water samples after mixed micelle-mediated extraction[J].Talanta,2007,71(2):610-614.
[48] Mortada W I,Kenawy I M M,El-Gamal G G,et al.A micro mixed micelle-mediated preconcentration procedure for spectrophotometric determination of uranium in real and synthetic samples[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2017,313(1):69-77.
[49] El-Hay S S A,Gouda A A.Determination of thorium(Ⅳ) in real samples by spectrophotometry after micelle-mediated cloud point extraction[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2016,310(1):191-200.
[50] Lin J Y,Jin M,Feng J N.Determination of rare earth La and Nd in water sample by spectrophoto-metry after cloud point extraction[J].Chinese Rare Earths,2012,33(3):40-44.
[51] Labrecque C,Larivière D.Quantification of rare earth elements using cloud point extraction with diglycolamide and ICP-MS for environmental analysis[J].Anal Methods,2014,6(23):9291-9298.
[52] Labrecque C,Lebed P J,Lariviere D.Isotopic signature of selected lanthanides for nuclear activities profiling using cloud point extraction and ICP-MS/MS[J].J Environ Radioact,2016,155-156:15-22.
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