低成本小型无线自动太阳敏感器设计与实现
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摘要
针对微小卫星姿态确定与控制系统的需求,西北工业大学与荷兰代尔夫特理工大学共同研发了低成本小型无线自动太阳敏感器(Micro Wireless Automatic Sun Sensor,μWASS)。该敏感器采用四象限探测器作为感光部件,使用集成ZigBee通信协议的低功耗51单片机内核作为处理器,利用三结砷化镓太阳能电池片产生电能为系统供电。在能量储存方面,创造性地使用了超级电容作为储能部件。同时,在系统设计中考虑了空间环境辐射与高低温变化,增加了额外保护电路。μWASS视场角为120°×120°,在整个视场范围内精度小于0.5°(1σ),平均功耗为30mW。与目前现有的模拟式太阳敏感器相比,μWASS的测量数据通过无线通信方式传输,不需要专门接插件以及外部模拟/数字转换电路,可以实现即插即用,降低了太阳敏感器在卫星上的安装难度,提高了系统可靠性。μWASS实现了太阳敏感器的低成本、微型化和无线化,未来可以广泛用于各种微小卫星。
In order to satisfy the requirements of micro-satellite attitude determination and control system,northwestern polytechnical university and delft university of technology have jointly developed a low-cost micro wireless automatic sun sensor(μWASS).μWASS chooses a four-quadrant detector as its sensing part,uses the low-power 51 microcontroller unit Kernel with integrated ZigBee communication protocol as its processor,and utilizes two triple-junction GaAs solar panels as its energy generating part.And a super-capacitor is creatively be used as its energy storage part.In the meantime,the space environment radiation and high and low temperature variation have been considered during the system design,and the additional protective circuit has been added.The field-of-view ofμWASS is 120°×120°,and the accuracy is better than 0.5°(1σ).The average power consumption ofμWASS is 30 mW.Compared with the existing analog sun sensors,μWASS is a plug-and-play component.Its measurement data can be transmitted through wireless communication and does not need any special connectors or external A/D conversion circuit,which could not only reduce the installation difficulty but also improve the system reliability of the satellite.μWASS has achieved the low cost,miniaturization and wireless of sun sensor,and it can be widely used in various micro-satellites in the future.
In order to satisfy the requirements of micro-satellite attitude determination and control system,northwestern polytechnical university and delft university of technology have jointly developed a low-cost micro wireless automatic sun sensor(μWASS).μWASS chooses a four-quadrant detector as its sensing part,uses the low-power 51 microcontroller unit Kernel with integrated ZigBee communication protocol as its processor,and utilizes two triple-junction GaAs solar panels as its energy generating part.And a super-capacitor is creatively be used as its energy storage part.In the meantime,the space environment radiation and high and low temperature variation have been considered during the system design,and the additional protective circuit has been added.The field-of-view ofμWASS is 120°×120°,and the accuracy is better than 0.5°(1σ).The average power consumption ofμWASS is 30 mW.Compared with the existing analog sun sensors,μWASS is a plug-and-play component.Its measurement data can be transmitted through wireless communication and does not need any special connectors or external A/D conversion circuit,which could not only reduce the installation difficulty but also improve the system reliability of the satellite.μWASS has achieved the low cost,miniaturization and wireless of sun sensor,and it can be widely used in various micro-satellites in the future.
引文
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[24]WU S F,STEYN W H.Modeling and inorbit calibration practice of a miniature 2-axis analogue sun sensor[J].Aerospace Science and Technology,2002,6:423-433.
[2]卫旻嵩,邢飞,李滨,等.N形缝光线引入器太阳敏感器技术研究[J].宇航学报,2013,34(10):1323-1329.WEI M S,XING F,LI B,et al.Development of digital sun sensor with an N-shaped slit mask[J].Journal of Astronautics,2013,34(10):1323-1329.
[3]ZHANG G F,WANG H,YOU Z.The design of a micro selfpowered wireless analog sun sensor[J].Key Engineering Materials,2013,562-565:387-393.
[4]WEI M S,XING F,YOU Z,et al.Multiplexing image detector method for digital sun sensors with arc-second class accuracy and large FOV[J].Optics express,2014,22(19):23094-23107.
[5]王俊.太阳敏感器设计实现[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.WANG J.Design and realization of sun sensor[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[6]ANTONELLO A,OLIVIERI L,FRANCE-SCONI A.Development of a low-cost sun sensor for nanosatellites[J].Acta Astronautica,2018,144:429-436.
[7]王俊,王昊,应鹏,等.四象限差动式模拟太阳敏感器设计[J].传感技术学报,2012,25(12):1659-1663.WANG J,WANG H,YING P,et al.Design of four-quadrant analog sun sensor[J].Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators,2012,25(12):1659-1663.
[8]CHEN F F,FENG J.Analogue sun sensor based on the optical nonlinear compensation measuring principle[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2007,18:2111-2115.
[9]BARNHART D J,VLADIMIROVA T,SWEETING M N.System-on-a-chip design of self-powered wireless sensor nodes for hostile environments[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2008:1-12.
[10]LEIJTENS J A P,BOOM C W D,HEIDEN N V D.Micro digital sun sensor:a lot of sensor for such a small package[C]∥Proc.of the Small Satellites,Systems and Services,2004.
[11]BOOM C W D,LEIJTENS J A P,DUIVEN-BODE L M H V,et al.Micro digital sun sensor:system in a small package[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE Computer Society International Conference on MEMS,NANO and Smart Systems,2004.
[12]BOOM C W D,LEIJTENS J A P,HEIDEN N V D.Micro digital sun sensor:a matchbox miracle[C]∥Proc.of the 6th International ESA Conference on Guidance,Navigation and Control Systems,2005.
[13]WU H,EMADI A,GRAAF G D,et al.Self-powered sun sensor microsystems[J].Procedia Chemistry,2009,1:1363-1366.
[14]WEI M S,XING F,YOU Z.A highly accurate wireless digital sun sensor based on profile detecting and detector multiplexing technologies[J].Mechanical System and Signal Processing,2017,82:56-67.
[15]HAMANN R J,VERHOEVEN C J M,VAARTJES A A,et al.Small satellites for earth observation:nano-satellites for microtechnology pre-qualification:the delfi pro-gram of delft university of technology[M].Springer:Springer-Verlag Press,2008:319-330.
[16]XIE N,THEUWISSEN A J P.An autonomous low power high resolution micro-digital sun sensor[C]∥Proc.of the International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging:Advances in Imaging Detector and Applications,2011:91-94.
[17]XIE N,THEUWISSEN A J P,BUTTGEN B,et al.Microdigital sun sensor:an imaging sensor for space applications[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics,2010.
[18]SALGADO-CONRADO L.A review on sun position sensors used in solar applications[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2018,82:2128-2146.
[19]KIM S,NO K S,CHOU P H.Design and performance analysis of supercapacitor charging circuits for wireless sensor nodes[J].IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems,2011,1:391-402.
[20]SHIMIZU T,UNDERWOOD C.Super-capacitor energy storage for micro-satellites:feasibility and potential mission application[J].Acta Astronautica,2013,85:138-154.
[21]DUDLEY G,VERNIOLLE J.Secondary Lithium batteries for spacecraft[J].ESA Bulletin,1997,90:50-54.
[22]GUENA T,LEBLANC P.How depth of dis-charge affects the cycle life of lithium-metal-polymer batteries[C]∥Proc.of the28th Annual International Telecommunications Energy Conference,2006:1-8.
[23]AMINI R.Wireless communication onboard spacecraft[D].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2016.
[24]WU S F,STEYN W H.Modeling and inorbit calibration practice of a miniature 2-axis analogue sun sensor[J].Aerospace Science and Technology,2002,6:423-433.