雾霾天气下佩戴防颗粒物口罩的微生物学评价研究
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摘要
目的对在雾霾天气下佩戴的日常自吸式防颗粒物口罩进行微生物学评价,并给出推荐的累计佩戴时间,提高公众健康防护水平。方法选取在雾霾天气下佩戴的自吸式防颗粒物口罩,记录口罩基本情况,分别对其外层及内层材料进行细菌总数、真菌总数、溶血菌总数的检测,利用16S rRNA基因鉴定纯化菌株的生物学分类,并将微生物指标与口罩累计佩戴时间进行相关性拟合。结果日常自吸式防颗粒物口罩内层材料上附着的微生物与口罩累计佩戴时间呈现正相关,模拟出两条拟合度较高的多项式预测曲线(R2细菌总数=0.994,R2真菌总数=0.965),而外层材料的微生物与口罩累计佩戴时间无明显相关性。在累计佩戴时间为5～7 h时,口罩内层材料中细菌总数和真菌总数呈现急速增长。在口罩内、外层材料中分离纯化的菌株主要分属厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其中以厚壁菌门芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales)细菌最多。大部分纯化菌株为环境非致病菌,仅在口罩内层材料上分离到一株金黄色葡萄球菌。结论随着口罩累计佩戴时间增长、累计佩戴次数增加,口罩内层材料中微生物浓度相应增加,在累计佩戴时间为5～7 h时,微生物浓度急速增加,致病菌或条件致病菌检出率增高。建议健康人群在佩戴同一防护口罩时累计时间控制在7 h以内,而免疫力低下人群累计佩戴时间应控制在5 h以内。
Objective To perform an assessment of microbiological contamination on daily self-inhaling respirator for particulate during haze days so as to provide the recommended cumulative wearing time and improve the protective level of public health.Methods The used particulate respirators during haze days were collected,and their basic information was recorded. The total bacterial count,total fungal count and hemolytic bacteria count of inner and outer materials of the respirators were detected separately. The strains were identified by 16SrRNA gene sequence analysis,and the fitting curves of microbiological indicators and cumulative wearing time were drawn. Results The amount of microorganism attached to inner materials of daily self-inhaling respirators was positively correlated with the cumulative wearing time,and the fitting curve of the total bacterial count and total fungal count was drawn( R_(total bacterial count)~2= 0.994,R_(total fungal count)~2= 0.965). There was no obvious correlation between the amount of microorganism attached to outer materials and the cumulative wearing time. The total bacterial count and the total fungal count in inner materials of the respirators both increased rapidly when the cumulative wearing time was up to 5-7 hours. The isolated bacterial strains from inner and outer materials of the respirators were mainly Firmicutes,Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria,especially Bacillales.Most of the isolated strains were non-pathogenic bacteria,and only one strain of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the inner materials. Conclusions The amount of microorganism attached to inner materials increases with the increment of cumulative wearing time and frequency; moreover,it rapidly increases and the detection rate of pathogenic or conditional pathogenic bacteria also increases when the cumulative wearing time is up to 5-7 hours. So the cumulative wearing time of a respirator should be controlled under 7 hours by healthy people and under 5 hours by susceptible people.
Objective To perform an assessment of microbiological contamination on daily self-inhaling respirator for particulate during haze days so as to provide the recommended cumulative wearing time and improve the protective level of public health.Methods The used particulate respirators during haze days were collected,and their basic information was recorded. The total bacterial count,total fungal count and hemolytic bacteria count of inner and outer materials of the respirators were detected separately. The strains were identified by 16SrRNA gene sequence analysis,and the fitting curves of microbiological indicators and cumulative wearing time were drawn. Results The amount of microorganism attached to inner materials of daily self-inhaling respirators was positively correlated with the cumulative wearing time,and the fitting curve of the total bacterial count and total fungal count was drawn( R_(total bacterial count)~2= 0.994,R_(total fungal count)~2= 0.965). There was no obvious correlation between the amount of microorganism attached to outer materials and the cumulative wearing time. The total bacterial count and the total fungal count in inner materials of the respirators both increased rapidly when the cumulative wearing time was up to 5-7 hours. The isolated bacterial strains from inner and outer materials of the respirators were mainly Firmicutes,Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria,especially Bacillales.Most of the isolated strains were non-pathogenic bacteria,and only one strain of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the inner materials. Conclusions The amount of microorganism attached to inner materials increases with the increment of cumulative wearing time and frequency; moreover,it rapidly increases and the detection rate of pathogenic or conditional pathogenic bacteria also increases when the cumulative wearing time is up to 5-7 hours. So the cumulative wearing time of a respirator should be controlled under 7 hours by healthy people and under 5 hours by susceptible people.
引文
[1]赵秀娟,蒲维维,孟伟,等.北京地区秋季雾霾天PM2.5污染与气溶胶光学特征分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(2):416-423.
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[3]徐贞贞,张志红,马晓燕,等.PM2.5通过氧化应激对人支气管上皮细胞JAK/STAT信号通路的影响[J].卫生研究,2015,44(3):451-455.
[4]李瑞金,赵利芳,王振涛,等.PM2.5对运动大鼠肺氧化损伤和炎症反应相关指标的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2016,33(2):100-102.
[5]敖当,谭建新,程鲲,等.PM2.5对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖及NO和内皮素分泌的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2009,26(6):481-483.
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[9]邹自英,朱冰,曾平,等.两种一次性医用防护口罩的临床细菌学评价[J].西南军医,2007,37(1):7-8.
[10]陈缨,吴容,蒋爱平.晨间护理前后护士口罩带菌数的调查[J].现代护理,2006,12(6):563-564.
[11]陈希,索占伟,许剑琴,等.细菌溶血素的分类及代表性溶血素研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(1):16-22.
[12]丁珵,常玉梅,杨琦,等.我国东北典型河流冰封期细菌多样性的研究-以松花江为例[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(6):1415-1423.
[13]康海全,樊慧丽,周宏,等.2011-2015年细菌性腹膜炎病原菌分布及耐药性[J].中国感染控制杂志,2017,16(10):899-903.
[14]张展,吴勇,胡芳琴,等.感染性肠炎的病原学特点与耐药性分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(16):3677-3680.
[15]程波财,姜淑英,汪孟娟,等.藤黄微球菌降解真菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮的研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2010,22(5):389-392.
[16]徐卓吟,楼杨,张俊,等.苏云金芽孢杆菌菌种资源现状[J].江西农业,2016,9(1):26,29.
[17]周莲,谢小林,顾振红,等.解淀粉芽孢杆菌3-2发酵羽毛产氨基酸[J].微生物学通报,2017,44(11):2511-2521.
[18]许阳.一起由蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒病原学检测[J].疾病监测与控制,2017,11(2):115,139.
[19]张岩,刘桂芳,李漫时,等.首例由拥挤棒状杆菌引起白喉样病例的调查分析[J].中国疫苗和免疫,2017,23(1):13-17.
[20]刘美清,王占伟,梁小红,等.急性心肌梗死患者术后血液中分离出奥斯陆莫拉菌1株[J].检验医学与临床,2016,13(10):1453-1454.
[21]吴高峰,黄占旺.芽孢杆菌对肠道菌群结构影响的研究进展[J].生物灾害科学,2014,37(3):198-203.
[2]马晓燕,张志红,杨变转,等.太原市PM2.5对哮喘患者炎症反应的季节性影响[J].中国预防医学杂志,2015,16(5):339-342.
[3]徐贞贞,张志红,马晓燕,等.PM2.5通过氧化应激对人支气管上皮细胞JAK/STAT信号通路的影响[J].卫生研究,2015,44(3):451-455.
[4]李瑞金,赵利芳,王振涛,等.PM2.5对运动大鼠肺氧化损伤和炎症反应相关指标的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2016,33(2):100-102.
[5]敖当,谭建新,程鲲,等.PM2.5对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖及NO和内皮素分泌的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2009,26(6):481-483.
[6]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB-T 32610-2016日常防护型口罩技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015:1-4.
[7]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 2626-2006呼吸防护用品-自吸过滤式防颗粒物呼吸器[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2005:1-4.
[8]温占波,陈洁君,赵建军,等.医用外科口罩细菌气溶胶过滤效果评价[J].中国消毒学杂志,2007,24(4):306-309.
[9]邹自英,朱冰,曾平,等.两种一次性医用防护口罩的临床细菌学评价[J].西南军医,2007,37(1):7-8.
[10]陈缨,吴容,蒋爱平.晨间护理前后护士口罩带菌数的调查[J].现代护理,2006,12(6):563-564.
[11]陈希,索占伟,许剑琴,等.细菌溶血素的分类及代表性溶血素研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(1):16-22.
[12]丁珵,常玉梅,杨琦,等.我国东北典型河流冰封期细菌多样性的研究-以松花江为例[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(6):1415-1423.
[13]康海全,樊慧丽,周宏,等.2011-2015年细菌性腹膜炎病原菌分布及耐药性[J].中国感染控制杂志,2017,16(10):899-903.
[14]张展,吴勇,胡芳琴,等.感染性肠炎的病原学特点与耐药性分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(16):3677-3680.
[15]程波财,姜淑英,汪孟娟,等.藤黄微球菌降解真菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮的研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2010,22(5):389-392.
[16]徐卓吟,楼杨,张俊,等.苏云金芽孢杆菌菌种资源现状[J].江西农业,2016,9(1):26,29.
[17]周莲,谢小林,顾振红,等.解淀粉芽孢杆菌3-2发酵羽毛产氨基酸[J].微生物学通报,2017,44(11):2511-2521.
[18]许阳.一起由蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒病原学检测[J].疾病监测与控制,2017,11(2):115,139.
[19]张岩,刘桂芳,李漫时,等.首例由拥挤棒状杆菌引起白喉样病例的调查分析[J].中国疫苗和免疫,2017,23(1):13-17.
[20]刘美清,王占伟,梁小红,等.急性心肌梗死患者术后血液中分离出奥斯陆莫拉菌1株[J].检验医学与临床,2016,13(10):1453-1454.
[21]吴高峰,黄占旺.芽孢杆菌对肠道菌群结构影响的研究进展[J].生物灾害科学,2014,37(3):198-203.