聚烯烃无卤阻燃研究进展
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摘要
聚烯烃以其独特的性能得到广泛的使用,其易燃性带来的火灾风险使其阻燃研究备受关注。从聚烯烃的使用情况、受热分解机理以及阻燃原理进行论述,从无卤阻燃的角度介绍了磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂、金属氢氧化物阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂和纳米阻燃剂,阐述了不同阻燃剂的性能特征、阻燃机理及在聚烯烃阻燃中的研究应用进展,并对无卤阻燃聚烯烃今后的发展提出了展望。
Polyolefins have been widely used for their unique properties. Because of the fire risks caused by their flammability, the flame retardant research of polyolefins has attracted much attention. From the perspective of halogen-free flame retardant, this paper introduces various flame retardants, such as phosphorus flame retardants, nitrogen flame retardants, metal hydroxide flame retardants, intumescent flame retardants and nano flame retardants. The performance characteristics, flame retardant mechanism, and research and application progress of different flame retardants in polyolefins have been summarized. The future development of halogen-free flame retardant polyolefins is also prospected.
Polyolefins have been widely used for their unique properties. Because of the fire risks caused by their flammability, the flame retardant research of polyolefins has attracted much attention. From the perspective of halogen-free flame retardant, this paper introduces various flame retardants, such as phosphorus flame retardants, nitrogen flame retardants, metal hydroxide flame retardants, intumescent flame retardants and nano flame retardants. The performance characteristics, flame retardant mechanism, and research and application progress of different flame retardants in polyolefins have been summarized. The future development of halogen-free flame retardant polyolefins is also prospected.
引文
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[3]乔金樑.聚烯烃材料的研究开发进展[J].中国材料进展,2012,31(2):33-37.
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[22]QIAN X D,SONG L,YUAN B H,et al.Organic/inorganic flame retardants containing phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon:preparation and their performance on the flame retardancy of epoxy resins as a novel intumescent flame retardant system[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2014,143(3):1243-1252.
[23] WANG J,CAI X.Synergistic effect of a novel charring agent with ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer[J].Polymer International,2012,61(5):703-710.
[24]ZHANG Y,CHEN X L,FANG Z P.Synergistic effects of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with a new carbon source derived from biomass in flame retardant abs[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2013,128(4):2424-2432.
[25]CHUNG D.A review of exfoliated graphite[J].Journal of Materials Science,2016,51(1):554-568.
[26]GUAN G Q,LU J S,JIANG H L.Preparation,characterization,and physical properties of graphene nanosheets and films obtained from low-temperature expandable graphite[J].Journal of Materials Science,2016,51(2):926-936.
[27]YANG B,CHEN Y H,ZHANG M D,et al.Synergistic and compatibilizing effect of octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanoparticles in polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant composite system[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2019,123:46-58.
[28]XIA S Y,ZHANG Z Y,LENG Y,et al.Synthesis of a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant and its high efficiency for flame retardant polyethylene[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2018,134:632-640.
[29]CHEN H D,WANG J H,NI A Q,et al.Effect of novel intumescent flame retardant on mechanical and flame retardant properties of continuous glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites[J].Composite Structures,2018,203:894-902.
[30]何小芳,张崇,代鑫,等.氢氧化镁阻燃剂在聚合物改性中的应用研究进展[J].精细与专用化学品,2011,19(1):12-16.
[31]逯登琴,王金庆,刘国旺,等.氢氧化镁阻燃剂改性研究现状[J].盐业与化工,2016,45(10):9-16.
[32]LAOUTID F,BONNAUD L,ALEXANDRE M,et al.New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials:from fundamentals to nanocomposites[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2009,63(3):100-125.
[33] KONG Q H,WU H,ZHANG H K,et al.Effect of fe-montmorillonite on flammability behavior in polypropyle-ne/magnesium hydroxide composites[J].Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,2016,16(8):8287-8293.
[34]汤成,李松,颜红侠,等.纳米阻燃剂阻燃高分子材料的应用与研究进展[J].中国塑料,2017,31(6):1-7.
[35]杨蕊,程博闻,康卫民,等.碳纳米管的功能化及其在复合材料中的应用[J].材料导报,2015,29(7):47-51.
[36]ZHUO D X,WANG R,WU L X,et al.Flame retardancy effects of graphene nanoplatelet/carbon nanotube hybrid membranes on carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites[J].Journal of Nanomaterials,2013,2013:1-7.
[37]HAPUARACHCHI T,PEIJS T,BILOTTI E.Thermal degradation and flammability behavior of polypropylene/clay/carbon nanotube composite systems[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,2013,24(3):331-338.
[38]SHEN Y L,GONG W G,XU Y Y,et al.Preparation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its application as flame retardant for polypropylene[J].Micro & Nano Letters,2015,10(11):625-629.
[39]马志远,刘继纯,井蒙蒙.聚合物/层状硅酸盐纳米复合材料的阻燃性能研究进展[J].化工新型材料,2012,40(4):23-25,30.
[40]夏燎原,谭绍早,谢瑜珊.聚合物/层状硅酸盐纳米复合阻燃材料进展概述[J].材料导报,2007,21:179-181.
[41]LIU S P.Flame retardant and mechanical properties of polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide/montmorillonite nanocomposites[J].Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2014,20(4):2401-2408.
[42]KONG Q H,WU T,ZHANG H K,et al.Improving flame retardancy of IFR/PP composites through the synergistic effect of organic montmorillonite intercalation cobalt hydroxides modified by acidified chitosan[J].Applied Clay Science,2017,146:230-237.
[43]韩宏伟,盖东杰,朱丙清,等.纳米二氧化硅改性聚合物研究进展[J].现代塑料加工应用,2015,27(6):42-44.
[44]ERDEM N,CIRELI A,ERDOGAN U H.Flame retardancy behaviors and structural properties of polypropylene/nano-SiO2 composite textile filaments[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,111(4):2085-2091.
[45]叶青,欧红香,郭薇,等.ZIF-8/BC协同膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2018,28(11):59-65.
[46]欧红香,陈光浩,韦林艳,等.ZIF-8协同膨胀阻燃聚丙烯制备及性能研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2018,28(1):69-74.
[47]YE L,WU Q H.Effects of an intercalating agent on the morphology and thermal and flame-retardant properties of low-density polyethylene/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2012,123(1):316-323.
[2]LU H D,SONG L,HU Y.A review on flame retardant technology in china.Part ii:flame retardant polymeric nanocomposites and coatings[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,2011,22(4):379-394.
[3]乔金樑.聚烯烃材料的研究开发进展[J].中国材料进展,2012,31(2):33-37.
[4]KOO J H,PILATO L A.Polymer nanostructured materials for high temperature applications[J].Sampe Journal,2005,41(2):7-19.
[5]KIM I,LEE J,SHOFNER M,et al.Crystallization kinetics and anisotropic properties of polyethylene oxide/magnetic carbon nanotubes composite films[J].Polymer,2012,53(12):2402-2411.
[6]WANG D Y,LIU Y,WANG Y,et al.Fire retardancy of a reactively extruded intumescent flame retardant polyethylene system enhanced by metal chelates[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2007,92(8):1592-1598.
[7]GAO J X,CAI W,HU Y,et al.Improving the flame retardancy of polyethylenes through the palladium-catalyzed incorporation of polar comonomers[J].Polymer Chemistry,2019,10(12):1416-1422.
[8]雷晶晶,周汝,蒋军成,等.火灾时烟气溢流的控制条件分析[J].环境工程,2018,36(10):85-90.
[9]ZHENG Z H,LIU Y,ZHANG L,et al.Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and intumescent flame retardants on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene[J].Journal of Materials Science,2016,51(12):5857-5871.
[10]祝飞.聚磷腈/氢氧化镁协同阻燃聚丙烯的研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2012,22(7):31-35.
[11] STOWELL J K,YANG C.A durable low-formaldehyde flame retardant finish for cotton fabrics[J].AATCC Review,2003,3(2):17-20.
[12]SNEGIREW A,HANDAWY M,STEPANOV V,et al.Pyrolysis and combustion of polymer mixtures:exploring additivity of the heat release rate[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2019,161:245-259.
[13] FENG C M,ZHANG Y,LIU S W,et al.Synergistic effect of La2O3 on the flame retardant properties and the degradation mechanism of a novel PP/IFR system[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2012,97(5):707-714.
[14] LIANG T,DING S,SONG W,et al.A review of fractionations of rare earth elements in plants[J].Journal of Rare Earths,2008,26(1):7-15.
[15]LU S Y,HAMERTON I.Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers[J].Progress in Polymer Science,2002,27(8):1661-1712.
[16]LEVCHIK S,WEIL E.A review of recent progress in phosphorus-based flame retardants[J].Journal of Fire Sciences,2006,24(5):345-364.
[17]ZHENG Z H,LIU Y,ZHANG L,et al.Fabrication of halogen-free ammonium phosphate with two components via a simple method and its flame retardancy in polypropylene composites[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2017,127(3):2013-2023.
[18]刘莹,梁兵.新型含磷、氮阻燃剂的合成及其阻燃聚乙烯的性能研究[J].塑料工业,2017,45(2):33-36.
[19] 倪恒健,万晓明,王文华,等.元素杂化阻燃聚丙烯的研究进展[J].中国塑料,2017,31(12):1-8.
[20] LONG J P,LI S X,LIANG B.Synthesis and properties of a new halogen-free flame retardant for polyethylene[J].Pigment & Resin Technology,2018,47(3):208-215.
[21] WEN P Y,FENG X M,KAN Y C,et al.Synthesis of a novel triazine-based polymeric flame retardant and its application in polypropylene[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2016,134:202-210.
[22]QIAN X D,SONG L,YUAN B H,et al.Organic/inorganic flame retardants containing phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon:preparation and their performance on the flame retardancy of epoxy resins as a novel intumescent flame retardant system[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2014,143(3):1243-1252.
[23] WANG J,CAI X.Synergistic effect of a novel charring agent with ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer[J].Polymer International,2012,61(5):703-710.
[24]ZHANG Y,CHEN X L,FANG Z P.Synergistic effects of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with a new carbon source derived from biomass in flame retardant abs[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2013,128(4):2424-2432.
[25]CHUNG D.A review of exfoliated graphite[J].Journal of Materials Science,2016,51(1):554-568.
[26]GUAN G Q,LU J S,JIANG H L.Preparation,characterization,and physical properties of graphene nanosheets and films obtained from low-temperature expandable graphite[J].Journal of Materials Science,2016,51(2):926-936.
[27]YANG B,CHEN Y H,ZHANG M D,et al.Synergistic and compatibilizing effect of octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanoparticles in polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant composite system[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2019,123:46-58.
[28]XIA S Y,ZHANG Z Y,LENG Y,et al.Synthesis of a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant and its high efficiency for flame retardant polyethylene[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2018,134:632-640.
[29]CHEN H D,WANG J H,NI A Q,et al.Effect of novel intumescent flame retardant on mechanical and flame retardant properties of continuous glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites[J].Composite Structures,2018,203:894-902.
[30]何小芳,张崇,代鑫,等.氢氧化镁阻燃剂在聚合物改性中的应用研究进展[J].精细与专用化学品,2011,19(1):12-16.
[31]逯登琴,王金庆,刘国旺,等.氢氧化镁阻燃剂改性研究现状[J].盐业与化工,2016,45(10):9-16.
[32]LAOUTID F,BONNAUD L,ALEXANDRE M,et al.New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials:from fundamentals to nanocomposites[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2009,63(3):100-125.
[33] KONG Q H,WU H,ZHANG H K,et al.Effect of fe-montmorillonite on flammability behavior in polypropyle-ne/magnesium hydroxide composites[J].Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,2016,16(8):8287-8293.
[34]汤成,李松,颜红侠,等.纳米阻燃剂阻燃高分子材料的应用与研究进展[J].中国塑料,2017,31(6):1-7.
[35]杨蕊,程博闻,康卫民,等.碳纳米管的功能化及其在复合材料中的应用[J].材料导报,2015,29(7):47-51.
[36]ZHUO D X,WANG R,WU L X,et al.Flame retardancy effects of graphene nanoplatelet/carbon nanotube hybrid membranes on carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites[J].Journal of Nanomaterials,2013,2013:1-7.
[37]HAPUARACHCHI T,PEIJS T,BILOTTI E.Thermal degradation and flammability behavior of polypropylene/clay/carbon nanotube composite systems[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,2013,24(3):331-338.
[38]SHEN Y L,GONG W G,XU Y Y,et al.Preparation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its application as flame retardant for polypropylene[J].Micro & Nano Letters,2015,10(11):625-629.
[39]马志远,刘继纯,井蒙蒙.聚合物/层状硅酸盐纳米复合材料的阻燃性能研究进展[J].化工新型材料,2012,40(4):23-25,30.
[40]夏燎原,谭绍早,谢瑜珊.聚合物/层状硅酸盐纳米复合阻燃材料进展概述[J].材料导报,2007,21:179-181.
[41]LIU S P.Flame retardant and mechanical properties of polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide/montmorillonite nanocomposites[J].Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2014,20(4):2401-2408.
[42]KONG Q H,WU T,ZHANG H K,et al.Improving flame retardancy of IFR/PP composites through the synergistic effect of organic montmorillonite intercalation cobalt hydroxides modified by acidified chitosan[J].Applied Clay Science,2017,146:230-237.
[43]韩宏伟,盖东杰,朱丙清,等.纳米二氧化硅改性聚合物研究进展[J].现代塑料加工应用,2015,27(6):42-44.
[44]ERDEM N,CIRELI A,ERDOGAN U H.Flame retardancy behaviors and structural properties of polypropylene/nano-SiO2 composite textile filaments[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,111(4):2085-2091.
[45]叶青,欧红香,郭薇,等.ZIF-8/BC协同膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2018,28(11):59-65.
[46]欧红香,陈光浩,韦林艳,等.ZIF-8协同膨胀阻燃聚丙烯制备及性能研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2018,28(1):69-74.
[47]YE L,WU Q H.Effects of an intercalating agent on the morphology and thermal and flame-retardant properties of low-density polyethylene/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2012,123(1):316-323.