甘南牧区草地承包前后公共服务供给变化
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摘要
公共服务供给作为政府的主要职能之一,是实现社会发展和提高民众福利水平的重要保障。通常,生产方式的改变会影响公共服务的供给。20世纪90年代,甘南牧区开始推行草地到户责任制度。在这一制度背景下,该区原有的公共服务体系随之发生变化。同时,传统的牧业生存方式(集体游牧)被单户放牧和联户放牧取而代之。为了解草地承包前以及承包后单户和联户之间公共服务的差异,2016年,采用入户问卷调查和访谈方法,对该区(玛曲县和碌曲县)教育、医疗、防灾、饮水、通信设施、用电设施、道路设施和集体活动等公共服务进行了对比研究。结果显示,该区草地承包后,教育、医疗、防灾、交通和通讯等服务水平较之前有了明显的提高,但牧道、饮水和集体活动等服务水平有所下降;与联户相比,草地承包后,单户的饮水、牲畜疫情防治和抵御冻灾及集体活动等问题较为突出。因此,在继续完善该区基础设施并提高公共服务水平的基础上,应对居住分散的单户的生产生活条件给予更多关注。
As one of the major functions of the government,the public service supply is an important guarantee for achieving social development and raising the public welfare level.Generally,changes in the mode of production can affect the supply of public service.In the 1990 s,the Gannan pastoral area began to implement a grassland contract policy.Against the background of this system,the original public service system in the area has changed.Meanwhile,the traditional livelihood of the animal husbandry(collective nomadic)was replaced by the single-household and multi-household grazing use patterns.To learn about differences in public services between single-household and multi-household grazing use patterns,before and after the grassland contract,interviews by the"face-to-face"method for a questionnaire survey were adopted,and a comparative study was conducted on public services such as education,health care,disaster prevention,water drinking,communication facilities,electricity facilities,road facilities,and collective activities in the district(Maqu and Luqu county)in 2016.The results showed that the public services such as education and health care were significantly improved after the grassland contract in the study area.However,there were still some problems:the service level of grazing paths,water drinking,and collective activities declined.Compared with the multi-household grazing use pattern,the problem of water drinking,livestock epidemic prevention,frost disaster resistance,and collective activities under single-household grazing use patterns were more serious.Thus,based on continued improvement of the infrastructure and public services,more attention should be paid to the production and living conditions of the scattered single households.
As one of the major functions of the government,the public service supply is an important guarantee for achieving social development and raising the public welfare level.Generally,changes in the mode of production can affect the supply of public service.In the 1990 s,the Gannan pastoral area began to implement a grassland contract policy.Against the background of this system,the original public service system in the area has changed.Meanwhile,the traditional livelihood of the animal husbandry(collective nomadic)was replaced by the single-household and multi-household grazing use patterns.To learn about differences in public services between single-household and multi-household grazing use patterns,before and after the grassland contract,interviews by the"face-to-face"method for a questionnaire survey were adopted,and a comparative study was conducted on public services such as education,health care,disaster prevention,water drinking,communication facilities,electricity facilities,road facilities,and collective activities in the district(Maqu and Luqu county)in 2016.The results showed that the public services such as education and health care were significantly improved after the grassland contract in the study area.However,there were still some problems:the service level of grazing paths,water drinking,and collective activities declined.Compared with the multi-household grazing use pattern,the problem of water drinking,livestock epidemic prevention,frost disaster resistance,and collective activities under single-household grazing use patterns were more serious.Thus,based on continued improvement of the infrastructure and public services,more attention should be paid to the production and living conditions of the scattered single households.
引文
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[2]于凤荣.我国农村公共服务供给模式问题研究.长春:吉林大学博士学位论文,2006.YU F R.Research on our coutry countryside public service supplies.PhD Thesis.Changchun:Jilin University,2006.
[3]马晓雪,石树凯,马来好.作为公共物品的中国海上搜救服务:能力结构与评估.公共管理学报,2017(2):39-47.MA X Y,SHI S K,MA L H.Capacity structure and evaluation of China maritime search and rescue service as public goods.Journal of Public Management,2017(2):39-47.
[4]张海云.青藏游牧区公共服务体系建设中的社会保障问题研究:基于青海省班玛县和久治县的田野调查.青海民族研究,2015,26(1):173-178.ZHANG H Y.Study on social insurance issues appeared in the construction of public service system in pasturing area in Qinghai and Tibet:Based on field investigation in Banma County and Jiuzhi County of Qinghai Province.Qinghai Journal of Ethnology,2015,26(1):173-178.
[5] FRUG G E.City Making:Building Communities without Building Walls.New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1999.
[6] CALDERN C A,SERVN L.The effects of infrastructure development on growth and income distribution.Social Science Electronic Publishing,2004:270.
[7] PETRICK M,GRAMZOW A.Harnessing communities,markets and the state for public goods provision:Evidence from post socialist rural poland.World Development,2012,40(11):2342-2354.
[8]李燕凌,曾福生.农村公共品供给农民满意度及其影响因素分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2008,25(8):3-18.LI Y L,ZENG F S.The analysis of farmers’s satisfaction index to rural public goods supply and it’s influencing factors.The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2008,25(8):3-18.
[9]马跃.陕西省农村公共服务农民满意度实证分析.西安:西北大学硕士学位论文,2014.MA Y.Empirical analysis on satisfaction of rural public service farmers in Shaanxi Province.Master Thesis.Xi’an:Northwest University,2014.
[10]方凯,王厚俊.基于因子分析的农村公共品农民满意度评价研究:以湖北省农户调查数据为例.农业技术经济,2012(6):30-36.FANG K,WANG H J.Research on rural public goods peasant satisfaction evaluation based on factor analysis:A case study of peasant household survey data in Hubei Province.Journal of Agrotechnicl Economics,2012(6):30-36.
[11]樊丽明,解垩,尹琳.农民参与新型农村合作医疗及满意度分析:基于3省245户农户的调查.山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009,(1):52-57.FAN L M,XIE E,YIN L.Farmers’participation in and satisfaction of the new rural cooperative medical schemesa survey of245households in three provinces.Journal of Shandong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2009(1):52-57.
[12]贾荣敏.青藏高原游牧区教育公共服务研究:以果洛藏族自治州为个案.青海民族研究,2014,25(3):119-123.JIA R M.Educational public service research about pasturing areas on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Take Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as example.Qinghai Journal of Ethnology,2014,25(3):119-123.
[13]贾荣敏.青藏高原游牧区卫生公共服务均等化研究:以玉树藏族自治州囊谦县为个案.青藏高原论坛,2016,4(3):74-80.JIA R M.Research on equalization of public health services in nomadic area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:A case study of Xinqian County in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.Tibeten Plateau Forum,2016,4(3):74-80.
[14]朱玲.西藏农牧区的公共卫生服务.财经科学,2005(1):110-117.ZHU L.Rural Tibet health service.Finance&Economics,2005(1):110-117.
[15]曹建军,许雪贇,杨书荣,李梦天,龚毅帆,周俊菊.青藏高原不同草地利用方式产生的原因及其对社会-生态系统的影响研究进展.自然资源学报,2017(12):2149-2159.CAO J J,XU X Y,YANG S R,LI M T,GONG Y F,ZHOU J J.Advance in the reasons for two different grassland use patterns formed and their each effects on the socio-ecological system on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,2017(12):2149-2159.
[16]宋清洁,崔霞,张瑶瑶,孟宝平,高金龙,向宇轩.基于小型无人机与MODIS数据的草地植被覆盖度研究:以甘南州为例.草业科学,2017,34(1):40-50.SONG Q J,CUI X,ZHANG Y Y,MENG B P,GAO J L,XIANG Y X.Grassland fractional vegetation cover analysis using small UVAs and MODIS:A case study in Gannan Prefecture.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(1):40-50.
[17]赵玉婷,李文龙,陈迪,余翠,赵新来,许静,郭旭临.高寒牧区草地生态系统健康动态评价:以甘南地区为例.草业科学,2017,34(1):16-29.ZHAO Y T,LI W L,CHEN D,YU C,ZHAO X L,XU J,GUO X L.Dynamic assessment of alpine pasture grassland ecosystem health:A case study from the Gannan region.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(1):16-29.
[18]赵新来,李文龙,Xulin Guo,余翠,赵玉婷,许静.Pa、SPI和SPEI干旱指数对青藏高原东部高寒草地干旱的响应比较.草业科学,2017,34(2):273-282.ZHAO X L,LI W L,GUO X L,YU C,ZHAO Y T,XU J.The responses of Pa,SPI,and SPEI todry climate in alpine meadows of eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(2):273-282.
[19]王建兵,王振国,吕虹.黄河重要水源补给区草地退化的气候背景分析:以玛曲县为例.草业科学,2008,25(4):23-27.WANG J B,WANG Z G,LYU H.Climate background analysis of grassland degradation in the Yellon River important water source supply area:A case study of Maqu County.Pratacultural Science,2008,25(4):23-27.
[20]花立民,周建伟,焦婷,蒲小鹏,王巧玲.青藏高原牧区典型家庭牧选择方法研究:以甘肃省玛曲县为例.草业科学,2012,29(7):1170-1175.HUA L M,ZHOU J W,JIAO T,PU X P,WANG Q L.A selective approach to typical householder farm in the pastoral regions of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau:A case study in Maqu County of Gansu Province.Pratacultural Science,2012,29(7):1170-1175.
[21]王素萍,宋连春,韩永翔,冯建英.玛曲候变化对生态环境的影响.冰川冻土,2006,28(4):556-561.WANG S P,SONG L C,HAN Y X,FENG J Y.Impacts of climate change on ecological environment in Maqu grassland,Gansu.Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2006,28(4):556-561.
[22]闫旭文.退牧还草工程对甘肃省碌曲县草地畜牧业的影响.兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文,2012.YAN X W.Effects of grazing restrictions on grassland livestock production in Luqu County,Gansu Province.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2012.
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