英语迂回式使役结构中使役动词的多维研究
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摘要
使役结构是自然语言中的一种常见结构。英语迂回式使役动词在不同变体和语体中的历时变化长期以来没有得到应有的重视。本研究主要对迂回式使役结构中的使役动词(make、cause、have、get、let)在不同英语变体和语体中的变化进行了历时考察,结果发现:(1)使役动词在英国英语中的使用呈先下降后上升姿态,而在美国英语中的使用则呈不断上升姿态;(2)使役动词(make、get、let)在英国英语的使用频率高于美国英语,且具有显著性差异;(3)同一种使役动词在不同语体中分布不同,而且这种分布模式在英语的不同时期、不同变体中表现十分相似。此外,使役动词在小说语体中的使用频率远远高于其他语体,并具有显著性差异。
Causative construction is common in natural language. However, little attention is paid to the diachronic study of periphrastic causative verbs(make, cause, have, get, let) within different language varieties and registers for a long time. And the focus of this study just fills the need in time. Results show that these five periphrastic causative verbs tend to decrease at first and then increase slightly in British English while they increase all the time in American English; "make", "get" and "let" are more frequently used in British English than American English with significance difference; Different periphrastic causative verbs show a various distribution from one register to another, yet its distribution model seems very similar in different period and register. In addition, these five periphrastic causative verbs present a high frequency in fiction rather than others.
Causative construction is common in natural language. However, little attention is paid to the diachronic study of periphrastic causative verbs(make, cause, have, get, let) within different language varieties and registers for a long time. And the focus of this study just fills the need in time. Results show that these five periphrastic causative verbs tend to decrease at first and then increase slightly in British English while they increase all the time in American English; "make", "get" and "let" are more frequently used in British English than American English with significance difference; Different periphrastic causative verbs show a various distribution from one register to another, yet its distribution model seems very similar in different period and register. In addition, these five periphrastic causative verbs present a high frequency in fiction rather than others.
引文
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[3]齐曦.论英语使役结构及其两大范式[J].外语学刊,2007(3):70-75.
[4]蔡芸.使役化构词规则及其对二语习得的影响[J].现代外语,2000(2):174-182.
[5]王强.论使役、使役化动词与使役结构[J].天津外国语大学学报,2009(5):19-29.
[6]张京鱼.英汉心理使役动词应用对比研究[J].外语研究,2001(3):46-50.
[7]熊学亮,梁晓波.论典型致使结构的英汉表达异同[J].外语教学与研究,2004(2):90-96.
[8]王文斌,徐睿.英汉使役心理动词的形态分类和句法结构比较分析[J].外国语,2005(4):22-29.
[9]向蓉.中国英语学习者心理使役动词的习得实证研究[J].重庆理工大学学报(社会科学版),2010(8):123-127.
[10]周岸勤.中国学生对英语心理使役动词的习得研究[J].当代外语研究,2016(2):58-62.
[11]康建东.中国英语学习者心理使役构式习得新探[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2017(4):71-78.
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[14]Dixon,R.M.W.A Typology of Causatives:Form,syntax and meaning.In:Dixon,R.M.W.(Ed.).Changing valency:Case studies in Transitivity[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010:30-83.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627750.003
[15]Croft,W.Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations:The Cognitive Organization of Information[M].Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press,1991.
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[17]黄小萍.英语使役动词误用和习得困难分析[J].天津外国语大学学报,2013(3):59-65.
[18]张继东,刘萍.中国大学生英语写作中的使役结构及相应的词化现象调查与分析[J].外语研究,2005(3):35-39.
[19]张京鱼.心理动词与英语典型使役化结构[J].四川外语学院学报,2004(5):97-101.
[20]陈国华,周榕.基于语料库的使役性心理谓词的习得比较研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2006(4):39-43.
[21]Hollmann Willem B.Synchrony and Diachrony of English Periphrastic Causatives:causatives:cognitive perspective[D].Manchester:University of Manchester,2003.
[22]Gilquin,G.The Influence of Register on Causative Constructions.In:Gilquin,G.Corpus,Cognition and Causative Constructions[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2010:223-249.
[23]Wolff P,Song G.Models of causation and the semantics of causal verbs[J].Cognitive Psychology,2003(3):276-332.
[24]梁茂成,李文中,许家金.语料库应用教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010.
[25]Cuervo,M.C.Datives at Large[D].Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2003.
(1)(1)X make Y V_pp、(2)X make Y V_prp、(3)X make Y Prep、(4)X make Y Adj、(5)X make Y V_inf、(6)X be made YV_to_inf、(7)X cause Y V_to_inf、(8)X have Y V_inf、(9)Xhave Y V_pp、(10)X have Y Adj、⑾X have Y Prep、⑿X get Y Adj、⒀X get Y V_prp、⒁X get Y V_to_inf、⒂X get YV_pp、⒃X get Y Prep、⒄X let Y V_inf、⒅X let Y Prep;
[2]Shibatani,M.The Grammar of Causative Constructions:[C]//A Conspectus.In:Syntax and semantics 6.Shibatani,M.(Ed.).New York:Academic Press,1976:1-42.
[3]齐曦.论英语使役结构及其两大范式[J].外语学刊,2007(3):70-75.
[4]蔡芸.使役化构词规则及其对二语习得的影响[J].现代外语,2000(2):174-182.
[5]王强.论使役、使役化动词与使役结构[J].天津外国语大学学报,2009(5):19-29.
[6]张京鱼.英汉心理使役动词应用对比研究[J].外语研究,2001(3):46-50.
[7]熊学亮,梁晓波.论典型致使结构的英汉表达异同[J].外语教学与研究,2004(2):90-96.
[8]王文斌,徐睿.英汉使役心理动词的形态分类和句法结构比较分析[J].外国语,2005(4):22-29.
[9]向蓉.中国英语学习者心理使役动词的习得实证研究[J].重庆理工大学学报(社会科学版),2010(8):123-127.
[10]周岸勤.中国学生对英语心理使役动词的习得研究[J].当代外语研究,2016(2):58-62.
[11]康建东.中国英语学习者心理使役构式习得新探[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2017(4):71-78.
[12]Kemmer S,Verhagen A.The grammar of causatives and the conceptual structure of events.[J].Cognitive Linguistics,1994(2):115-156.
[13]Song,J.Causatives and Causation:a universal-typological perspective[M].London:Routledge,1996.
[14]Dixon,R.M.W.A Typology of Causatives:Form,syntax and meaning.In:Dixon,R.M.W.(Ed.).Changing valency:Case studies in Transitivity[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010:30-83.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627750.003
[15]Croft,W.Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations:The Cognitive Organization of Information[M].Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press,1991.
[16]Langacker,R.Foudations of Cognitive Grammar[M].Vol.II.Standford:Standford University Press,1991.
[17]黄小萍.英语使役动词误用和习得困难分析[J].天津外国语大学学报,2013(3):59-65.
[18]张继东,刘萍.中国大学生英语写作中的使役结构及相应的词化现象调查与分析[J].外语研究,2005(3):35-39.
[19]张京鱼.心理动词与英语典型使役化结构[J].四川外语学院学报,2004(5):97-101.
[20]陈国华,周榕.基于语料库的使役性心理谓词的习得比较研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2006(4):39-43.
[21]Hollmann Willem B.Synchrony and Diachrony of English Periphrastic Causatives:causatives:cognitive perspective[D].Manchester:University of Manchester,2003.
[22]Gilquin,G.The Influence of Register on Causative Constructions.In:Gilquin,G.Corpus,Cognition and Causative Constructions[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2010:223-249.
[23]Wolff P,Song G.Models of causation and the semantics of causal verbs[J].Cognitive Psychology,2003(3):276-332.
[24]梁茂成,李文中,许家金.语料库应用教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010.
[25]Cuervo,M.C.Datives at Large[D].Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2003.
(1)(1)X make Y V_pp、(2)X make Y V_prp、(3)X make Y Prep、(4)X make Y Adj、(5)X make Y V_inf、(6)X be made YV_to_inf、(7)X cause Y V_to_inf、(8)X have Y V_inf、(9)Xhave Y V_pp、(10)X have Y Adj、⑾X have Y Prep、⑿X get Y Adj、⒀X get Y V_prp、⒁X get Y V_to_inf、⒂X get YV_pp、⒃X get Y Prep、⒄X let Y V_inf、⒅X let Y Prep;