快速城市化背景下珠江三角洲滨海湿地变化特征
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摘要
自20世纪80年代初以来,随着城市化与工业化的快速发展,珠江三角洲地区人口和产业活动集聚,引发了大规模的围填海活动,导致滨海湿地大面积减少,滨海水体污染、生物多样性丧失等生态环境问题突出。利用1980年的Landsat MSS影像和1995年、2010年和2015年的Landsat TM影像,获取4个时期珠江三角洲地区的土地利用信息,结合珠三角沿海城市开发政策,分析珠江三角洲滨海湿地的变化特征及其驱动因素;利用元胞自动机模型,预测该地区未来城市发展对滨海湿地的影响。研究结果表明,在滨海湿地变化最为剧烈的珠江口区,东、西两岸区域的开发模式和开发时间存在显著差异,东岸区域的开发始于1980年,土地开发利用方式以围垦养殖和工程建设为主;西岸区域开发始于1995年,土地开发利用方式以围垦养殖为主。围垦养殖、交通建设、产业发展、保护政策等人为因素是导致珠江三角洲滨海湿地变化的主要原因。在粤港澳大湾区建设背景下,自贸区、港珠澳大桥、深中通道建设等新一轮城市和区域开发活动,可能会导致珠江口西岸区域大面积滨海湿地和东岸区域部分滨海湿地丧失。
With the rapid process of urbanization and industrialization since the early 1980 s, population and industries have been aggregating in the Pearl River Delta. These human activities have resulted in large-scale sea reclamation that has caused extensive degradation of the coastal wetlands, water pollution, loss of biodiversity,and other environmental problems. In this study, we combined historical land use activities interpreted from satellite imagery(Landsat MSS in 1980 and Landsat TM in 1995, 2010, and 2015) and urban development policies in the coastal cities to analyze the change characteristics of the coastal wetlands and their driving factors in the Pearl River Delta. We then analyzed the potential impacts of future growth of construction land projected by cellular automata model. The results showed that the coastal zone of the Pearl River estuary was the area where the coastal wetlands have changed the most with a different pattern of temporal change on the east coast area than that was found on the west coast. The significant change of the coastal wetlands on the east coast area started in the early 1980 s, and they were mainly transformed into fishing ponds and urban infrastructure. In contrast, the fast change of the wetlands on the west coast area started in 1995, and they were mainly transformed into fishing ponds. Sea reclamation and aquaculture, transportation infrastructure, industrial development, and implementation of conservation policies were the main driving factors of the coastal wetlands change in the Pearl River Delta.The development of urban and regional development activities associated with the Guangdong-Hong KongMacao Greater Bay Area, such as the free-trade zones, the bridge connecting Hongkong, Zhuhai, and Macao,and the tunnel connecting Shenzhen and Zhongshan, might cause a significant loss of the coastal wetlands on the west coast area and some parts of the east coast area of the Pearl River estuary.
With the rapid process of urbanization and industrialization since the early 1980 s, population and industries have been aggregating in the Pearl River Delta. These human activities have resulted in large-scale sea reclamation that has caused extensive degradation of the coastal wetlands, water pollution, loss of biodiversity,and other environmental problems. In this study, we combined historical land use activities interpreted from satellite imagery(Landsat MSS in 1980 and Landsat TM in 1995, 2010, and 2015) and urban development policies in the coastal cities to analyze the change characteristics of the coastal wetlands and their driving factors in the Pearl River Delta. We then analyzed the potential impacts of future growth of construction land projected by cellular automata model. The results showed that the coastal zone of the Pearl River estuary was the area where the coastal wetlands have changed the most with a different pattern of temporal change on the east coast area than that was found on the west coast. The significant change of the coastal wetlands on the east coast area started in the early 1980 s, and they were mainly transformed into fishing ponds and urban infrastructure. In contrast, the fast change of the wetlands on the west coast area started in 1995, and they were mainly transformed into fishing ponds. Sea reclamation and aquaculture, transportation infrastructure, industrial development, and implementation of conservation policies were the main driving factors of the coastal wetlands change in the Pearl River Delta.The development of urban and regional development activities associated with the Guangdong-Hong KongMacao Greater Bay Area, such as the free-trade zones, the bridge connecting Hongkong, Zhuhai, and Macao,and the tunnel connecting Shenzhen and Zhongshan, might cause a significant loss of the coastal wetlands on the west coast area and some parts of the east coast area of the Pearl River estuary.
引文
[1]梁晨,李晓文,崔保山,等.中国滨海湿地优先保护格局构建[J].湿地科学, 2015, 1133(6):660-666.
[2]Gedan K B, Kirwan M L, Wolanski E, et al. The present and future role of coastal wetlandwetlands vegetation in protecting shorelines:answering recent challenges to the paradigm[J]. Climatic Change, 2011, 10066(1):7-29.
[3]Boesch D F, Josselyn M N, Mehta A J, et al. Scientific assessment of coastal wetlands loss, restoration and management in Louisiana[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 1994, 2200:1-103.
[4]刘佳琦,栗云召,宗敏,等.黄河三角洲人类干扰活动强度变化及其景观格局响应[J].地球信息科学学报, 2018, 2200(8):1102-1110.
[5]叶翔,李靖,王爱军.珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地沉积环境演化及其对人类活动的响应[J].海洋学报, 2018, 4400(7):79-89.
[6]杨帆.莱州湾滨海湿地人类活动强度及其生态效应[D].青岛:青岛理工大学, 2018.
[7]An S, Li H, Guan B, et al. China’s natural wetlands:past problems, current status, and future challenges[J]. AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment, 2007, 3366(4):335-342.
[8]徐彩瑶,濮励杰,朱明.沿海滩涂围垦对生态环境的影响研究进展[J].生态学报, 2018, 3388(3):1148-1162.
[9]吴文挺,田波,周云轩,等.中国海岸带围垦遥感分析[J].生态学报, 2016, 3366(16):5007-5016.
[10]Davidson N C. How much wetland has the world lost? Longterm and recent trends in global wetland area[J]. Marine and Freshwater Research, 2014, 6655(10):934-941.
[11]谢丽,王芳,刘惠.广东省围填海历程及其环境影响研究[J].江苏科技信息, 2015(24):67-70.
[12]侯西勇,徐新良,毋亭,等.中国沿海湿地变化特征及情景分析[J].湿地科学, 2016, 1144(5):597-606.
[13]朱高儒,许学工.渤海湾海岸带土地利用变化的社会经济关联因子分析[J].国土与自然资源研究, 2013(5):37-40.
[14]陈金月.基于GIS和RS的近40年珠江三角洲海岸线变迁及驱动因素研究[D].成都:四川师范大学, 2017.
[15]马学垚,杜嘉,梁雨华,等. 20世纪60年代以来6个时期长江三角洲滨海湿地变化及其驱动因素研究[J].湿地科学, 2018, 16(3):303-312.
[16]宋红丽,刘兴土.围填海活动对我国河口三角洲湿地的影响[J].湿地科学, 2013, 111(2):297-304.
[17]王恒.河口湿地时空动态及其影响因子的尺度效应[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2018.
[18]王树功.珠江河口区典型湿地景观演变及调控研究[D].广州:中山大学, 2005.
[19]叶功富,谭芳林,罗美娟,等.泉州湾河口湿地退化现状及人为影响因素[J].湿地科学, 2010, 88(4):386-388.
[20]陈琳,任春颖,王灿,等. 6个时期黄河三角洲滨海湿地动态研究[J].湿地科学, 2017, 1155(2):179-186.
[21]洪佳,卢晓宁,王玲玲. 1973-2013年黄河三角洲湿地景观演变驱动力[J].生态学报, 2016, 3366(4):924-935.
[22]Spencer T, Schuerch M, Nicholls R J, et al. Global coastal wetlandwetlands change under sea-level rise and related stresses:The DIVA wetlands change model[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2016, 113399:15-30.
[23]Zhao Q, Bai J, Huang L, et al. A review of methodologies and success indicators for coastal wetlandwetlands restoration[J].Ecological Indicators, 2016, 6600:442-452.
[24]叶长盛,冯艳芬.基于土地利用变化的珠江三角洲生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报, 2013, 2299(19):224-232.
[25]Bai J, Xiao R, Cui B, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in wetlands soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in the Pearl River Estuary, South China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 115599(3):817-824.
[26]谭钧.珠三角港口群情况分析及城市经济比较研究[J].大众科技, 2011(12):227-228.
[27]Haas J, Ban Y. Urban growth and environmental impacts in JingJin-Ji, the Yangtze, River Delta and the Pearl River Delta[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2014, 3300:42-55.
[28]马田田,梁晨,李晓文,等.围填海活动对中国滨海湿地影响的定量评估[J].湿地科学, 2015, 1133(6):653-659.
[29]李婧,王爱军,李团结.近20年来珠江三角洲滨海湿地景观的变化特征[J].海洋科学进展, 2011, 2299(2):170-178.
[30]Li X, Damen M C J. Coastline change detection with satellite remote sensing for environmental management of the Pearl River Estuary, China[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2010, 82:S54-S61.
[31]于杰,陈作志,徐姗楠.围填海对珠江口南沙湿地资源与生物资源的影响[J].中国水产科学, 2016, 2233(3):661-671.
[32]朱方,易琳,杨敏华.快速城市化进程中深圳海岸带景观格局演变特征分析[J].测绘与空间地理信息, 2018, 4411(5):40-44.
[33]刘旭拢,邓孺孺,许剑辉,等.近40年来珠江河口区海岸线时空变化特征及驱动力分析[J].地球信息科学学报, 2017, 1199(10):1336-1345.
[34]瞿莉莉.珠江东西两岸产业集群转型升级比较研究[D].广州:广东省社会科学院硕士学位论文, 2014.
[35]毕珊珊,黄俊,冯云,等.珠三角产业转移、转型升级对深圳港集装箱吞吐量发展的影响[J].港口科技, 2017(2):41-47.
[36]陈斌.珠三角全域规划的区域交通分析[J].住宅与房地产,2017(17):3.
[37]邹伟勇,金祎,熊晓冬.广东建设“21世纪海上丝绸之路”战略枢纽的交通协同策略[J].规划师, 2016, 3322(2):38-45.
[38]王琎.珠江口近岸土地利用/覆盖变化及其环境生态效应研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学, 2018.
[39]朱明华.珠三角国家自主创新示范区的现状与发展研究[J].知识经济, 2018(17):12-13.
[40]陈德宁,高晓祥,高静雯.广东自贸区南沙片区与上海自贸区的开放措施比较研究[J].城市观察, 2017(4):132-146.
[41]王树功,彭逸生,陈桂珠.南拓战略下广州南沙地区湿地保护与利用策略[C]. 2008中国可持续发展论坛论文集(1), 2008.
[42]李璇.深圳、珠海、汕头经济特区发展比较研究[J].创新, 2013,77(3):60-63.
[43]谭都.珠三角地区典型城市“三规合一”规划实践——以中山市“三规合一”规划为例[C].持续发展理性规划——2017中国城市规划年会论文集(11城市总体规划), 2017.
[2]Gedan K B, Kirwan M L, Wolanski E, et al. The present and future role of coastal wetlandwetlands vegetation in protecting shorelines:answering recent challenges to the paradigm[J]. Climatic Change, 2011, 10066(1):7-29.
[3]Boesch D F, Josselyn M N, Mehta A J, et al. Scientific assessment of coastal wetlands loss, restoration and management in Louisiana[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 1994, 2200:1-103.
[4]刘佳琦,栗云召,宗敏,等.黄河三角洲人类干扰活动强度变化及其景观格局响应[J].地球信息科学学报, 2018, 2200(8):1102-1110.
[5]叶翔,李靖,王爱军.珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地沉积环境演化及其对人类活动的响应[J].海洋学报, 2018, 4400(7):79-89.
[6]杨帆.莱州湾滨海湿地人类活动强度及其生态效应[D].青岛:青岛理工大学, 2018.
[7]An S, Li H, Guan B, et al. China’s natural wetlands:past problems, current status, and future challenges[J]. AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment, 2007, 3366(4):335-342.
[8]徐彩瑶,濮励杰,朱明.沿海滩涂围垦对生态环境的影响研究进展[J].生态学报, 2018, 3388(3):1148-1162.
[9]吴文挺,田波,周云轩,等.中国海岸带围垦遥感分析[J].生态学报, 2016, 3366(16):5007-5016.
[10]Davidson N C. How much wetland has the world lost? Longterm and recent trends in global wetland area[J]. Marine and Freshwater Research, 2014, 6655(10):934-941.
[11]谢丽,王芳,刘惠.广东省围填海历程及其环境影响研究[J].江苏科技信息, 2015(24):67-70.
[12]侯西勇,徐新良,毋亭,等.中国沿海湿地变化特征及情景分析[J].湿地科学, 2016, 1144(5):597-606.
[13]朱高儒,许学工.渤海湾海岸带土地利用变化的社会经济关联因子分析[J].国土与自然资源研究, 2013(5):37-40.
[14]陈金月.基于GIS和RS的近40年珠江三角洲海岸线变迁及驱动因素研究[D].成都:四川师范大学, 2017.
[15]马学垚,杜嘉,梁雨华,等. 20世纪60年代以来6个时期长江三角洲滨海湿地变化及其驱动因素研究[J].湿地科学, 2018, 16(3):303-312.
[16]宋红丽,刘兴土.围填海活动对我国河口三角洲湿地的影响[J].湿地科学, 2013, 111(2):297-304.
[17]王恒.河口湿地时空动态及其影响因子的尺度效应[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2018.
[18]王树功.珠江河口区典型湿地景观演变及调控研究[D].广州:中山大学, 2005.
[19]叶功富,谭芳林,罗美娟,等.泉州湾河口湿地退化现状及人为影响因素[J].湿地科学, 2010, 88(4):386-388.
[20]陈琳,任春颖,王灿,等. 6个时期黄河三角洲滨海湿地动态研究[J].湿地科学, 2017, 1155(2):179-186.
[21]洪佳,卢晓宁,王玲玲. 1973-2013年黄河三角洲湿地景观演变驱动力[J].生态学报, 2016, 3366(4):924-935.
[22]Spencer T, Schuerch M, Nicholls R J, et al. Global coastal wetlandwetlands change under sea-level rise and related stresses:The DIVA wetlands change model[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2016, 113399:15-30.
[23]Zhao Q, Bai J, Huang L, et al. A review of methodologies and success indicators for coastal wetlandwetlands restoration[J].Ecological Indicators, 2016, 6600:442-452.
[24]叶长盛,冯艳芬.基于土地利用变化的珠江三角洲生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报, 2013, 2299(19):224-232.
[25]Bai J, Xiao R, Cui B, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in wetlands soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in the Pearl River Estuary, South China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 115599(3):817-824.
[26]谭钧.珠三角港口群情况分析及城市经济比较研究[J].大众科技, 2011(12):227-228.
[27]Haas J, Ban Y. Urban growth and environmental impacts in JingJin-Ji, the Yangtze, River Delta and the Pearl River Delta[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2014, 3300:42-55.
[28]马田田,梁晨,李晓文,等.围填海活动对中国滨海湿地影响的定量评估[J].湿地科学, 2015, 1133(6):653-659.
[29]李婧,王爱军,李团结.近20年来珠江三角洲滨海湿地景观的变化特征[J].海洋科学进展, 2011, 2299(2):170-178.
[30]Li X, Damen M C J. Coastline change detection with satellite remote sensing for environmental management of the Pearl River Estuary, China[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2010, 82:S54-S61.
[31]于杰,陈作志,徐姗楠.围填海对珠江口南沙湿地资源与生物资源的影响[J].中国水产科学, 2016, 2233(3):661-671.
[32]朱方,易琳,杨敏华.快速城市化进程中深圳海岸带景观格局演变特征分析[J].测绘与空间地理信息, 2018, 4411(5):40-44.
[33]刘旭拢,邓孺孺,许剑辉,等.近40年来珠江河口区海岸线时空变化特征及驱动力分析[J].地球信息科学学报, 2017, 1199(10):1336-1345.
[34]瞿莉莉.珠江东西两岸产业集群转型升级比较研究[D].广州:广东省社会科学院硕士学位论文, 2014.
[35]毕珊珊,黄俊,冯云,等.珠三角产业转移、转型升级对深圳港集装箱吞吐量发展的影响[J].港口科技, 2017(2):41-47.
[36]陈斌.珠三角全域规划的区域交通分析[J].住宅与房地产,2017(17):3.
[37]邹伟勇,金祎,熊晓冬.广东建设“21世纪海上丝绸之路”战略枢纽的交通协同策略[J].规划师, 2016, 3322(2):38-45.
[38]王琎.珠江口近岸土地利用/覆盖变化及其环境生态效应研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学, 2018.
[39]朱明华.珠三角国家自主创新示范区的现状与发展研究[J].知识经济, 2018(17):12-13.
[40]陈德宁,高晓祥,高静雯.广东自贸区南沙片区与上海自贸区的开放措施比较研究[J].城市观察, 2017(4):132-146.
[41]王树功,彭逸生,陈桂珠.南拓战略下广州南沙地区湿地保护与利用策略[C]. 2008中国可持续发展论坛论文集(1), 2008.
[42]李璇.深圳、珠海、汕头经济特区发展比较研究[J].创新, 2013,77(3):60-63.
[43]谭都.珠三角地区典型城市“三规合一”规划实践——以中山市“三规合一”规划为例[C].持续发展理性规划——2017中国城市规划年会论文集(11城市总体规划), 2017.