刚果盆地钾盐矿床地震反射波特征与沉积规律
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摘要
中国是钾盐资源缺乏的国家,国内需求主要依靠进口,寻求和开发国外钾盐资源是保证国内需求的重要途径,刚果钾盐资源勘探是中国在国外勘探和开发项目之一,位于刚果成盐盆地的中部.刚果盆地是世界上典型的裂谷型盆地之一,其钾盐资源丰富,钾盐矿床形成于白垩世,属典型的海相蒸发沉积矿床,经过沉积、沉积淋滤改造和埋藏—变质改造作用形成了具有大规模的矿(层)床.对该区钾盐矿床的勘探采用地质调查、物探和钻探相结合的方法进行,其中物探以地震反射波勘探为主,其解释成果对指导钻探布孔和找矿发挥了极其重要作用.对地震资料采用国内外先进的叠前深度偏移处理技术,使深层地震信号频率低、能量弱、信噪比低及子波畸变大等问题得到了有效改善,妥善解决了深层速度分析和偏移成像问题.本次勘探重点是对中部盐类沉积层位即新近系、白垩系沉积层进行划分,圈出其顶底界面和矿层平面位置与厚度.通过钻孔验证发现了厚度大的钾盐矿(层),最后经综合分析研究各种资料将盐系地层划分为四个矿带并圈定了钾盐矿30层,确定为特大型矿床.对本矿床的成功发现,有必要进行探讨和总结.
China is a country that lacks potash resources. Domestic demand depends mainly on imports,seeking and developing foreign potassium resources is an important way to ensure domestic demand.Congo Potash Resources Exploration is one of China 's foreign exploration and development projects,located in the middle of the Congo salt basin. The Congo basin is one of the world's typical rifttype basins,and its potash resources are abundant. The potash deposits are formed in the Cretaceous, which belong to typical marine sedimentary deposit. After sedimentation, depositional leaching and burial-metamorphism,the potash deposits have formed large-scale beds. The exploration of potash deposits in this area is carried out by means of geological survey,geophysical exploration and drilling. The seismic reflection exploration is the main part of geophysical exploration, their interpretation results play an extremely important role in guiding the drilling holes and prospecting. The seismic data are processed by advanced prestack depth migration technology, which make the problems of low frequency,weak energy,low signal-to-noise ratio and large wavelet distortion have effective improved. And problems of deep velocity analysis and shift imaging are solved properly. The focus of this exploration is to delineate the sedimentary layers of the middle salt deposits,that is,Neogene and Cretaceous sedimentary layers,and circle the top and bottom interfaces and the plane position and thickness of the ore layers. The thickness of potash deposit( layer)is confirmed by drilling. Finally,the salt strata are divided into four zones and 30 layers of potash salt are delineated by comprehensive analysis and research. For the successful discovery of this deposit,it is necessary to explore and summarize.
China is a country that lacks potash resources. Domestic demand depends mainly on imports,seeking and developing foreign potassium resources is an important way to ensure domestic demand.Congo Potash Resources Exploration is one of China 's foreign exploration and development projects,located in the middle of the Congo salt basin. The Congo basin is one of the world's typical rifttype basins,and its potash resources are abundant. The potash deposits are formed in the Cretaceous, which belong to typical marine sedimentary deposit. After sedimentation, depositional leaching and burial-metamorphism,the potash deposits have formed large-scale beds. The exploration of potash deposits in this area is carried out by means of geological survey,geophysical exploration and drilling. The seismic reflection exploration is the main part of geophysical exploration, their interpretation results play an extremely important role in guiding the drilling holes and prospecting. The seismic data are processed by advanced prestack depth migration technology, which make the problems of low frequency,weak energy,low signal-to-noise ratio and large wavelet distortion have effective improved. And problems of deep velocity analysis and shift imaging are solved properly. The focus of this exploration is to delineate the sedimentary layers of the middle salt deposits,that is,Neogene and Cretaceous sedimentary layers,and circle the top and bottom interfaces and the plane position and thickness of the ore layers. The thickness of potash deposit( layer)is confirmed by drilling. Finally,the salt strata are divided into four zones and 30 layers of potash salt are delineated by comprehensive analysis and research. For the successful discovery of this deposit,it is necessary to explore and summarize.
引文
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Liu C L.2013.Characteristics and formation of potash deposits in continental rift basins:A review[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica(in Chinese),34(5):515-527.
Liu C L,Jiao P C,Wang M L.2010.A tentative discussion on exploration model for potash deposits in basins of China[J].Mineral Deposits(in Chinese),29(4):581-592.
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Liu D J,Yin X Y.2007.A method of Fourier finite-difference preservedamplitude prestack depth migration[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),50(1):268-276,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.01.033.
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Lu J M,Wang Y G.2011.The Principle of Seismic Exploration(in Chinese)[M].3rd ed.Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press.
Luo Y H,Liu J P,Yu G Z.2004.A review on the prestack depth migration[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration(in Chinese),28(6):540-545.
Ma Z T.2002.On reflection seismic migration imaging[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese),25(3):1-5.
Martiniand J E J,Bowles M.1994.1:1 million regional geological survey of the republic of Congo(in Chinese)[R].
Qian Z Q,Qu Y H,Liu Q.1994.Potash Deposits(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.
Sheriff R E,Geldart L P,1999.Exploration Seismology(in Chinese)[M].Chu Y Trans.2nd ed.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press.
Varela C L,Rosa A L R,Ulrych T J.1993.Modeling of attenuation and dispersion[J].Geophysics,58(8):1167-1173.
Wang C L,Liu C L,Wang L C,et al.2013.Reviews on potash deposit metallogenic conditions[J].Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),28(9):976-987,doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.09.0976.
Wang C N,Yu J Q,Chen L,et al.2007.A review on the exploration of global potash resources with an emphasis on the past and present status of china with a methodological perspective[J].Journal of Salt Lake Research(in Chinese),15(3):56-72.
Wang M Y.2003.Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press.
Wang Y H.2008.Inverse-Q filtered migration[J].Geophysics,73(1):1-6.
Wei D Y.1999.On conditions for origination of potash deposits[J].Geology of Chemical Minerals(in Chinese),21(1):1-6,14.
Wen T M,Su S L,Qian Y.2007.Analysis of abnormal issue in subsalt velocity field[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),42(S):5-7.
Wu P,Yang C C,Wang Z L,et al.2009.Application of Kirchhoff PSDM to seismic data in north east of the Sichuan Basin[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),24(4):1339-1348,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2009.04.023.
Yang C C,Liu X C,Li Y M,et al.1996.A methodology for seismic prestack depth migration[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),39(3):409-415.
Yang J L,Li Z C,Ye Y M,et al.2008.Review of seismic illumination pre-stack depth migration methods[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),23(1):146-152.
Ye Y M,Li Z C,Zhu X F,et al.2009.Preserved amplitude migration based on the one way wave equation in the angle domain[J].Applied Geophysics,6(1):50-58.
Yuan J Q.1980.New development of Genesis theory and salts on China potash prospecting[J].Geology of Chemical Minerals(in Chinese),2(1):1-5.
Yuan X C.2014.Abiogenetic subsalt oilfields[J].Geology in China(in Chinese),41(1):39-49.
Zhang J D.2006.Present status and future trend of seismic data interpretation techniques[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),21(2):578-587,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2006.02.038.
Zhang Y.2006.The theory of true amplitude one-way wave equation migration[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(5):1410-1430,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2006.05.021.
Zhao J X,Zhang S L,Sun P Y,et al.2006.3-D parallel prestack depth migration of synthetic source records[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(1):225-233,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2006.01.029.
Zheng M P.1999.Initial discussion of Salinology[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica(in Chinese),20(4):395-401.
Zheng M P,Qi W,Zhang Y S.2006.Present situation of potash resources and direction of potash search in China[J].Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),25(11):1239-1246.
博歇特H,缪尔R O.1976.盐类矿床-蒸发岩的成因、变质和变形[M].袁见齐,张瑞锡,张昌明译.北京:地质出版社.
何樵登,韩立国,朱建伟,等.2005.地震波理论[M].长春:吉林大学出版社.
Hilterman F J.2007.地震振幅解释[M].孙夕平,赵良武译.北京:石油工业出版社.
李如满,刘峰,段焕春.2009.刚果(布)主要矿产及地质特征[J].矿产与地质,23(6):578-583.
李善平,马海州,山发寿,等.2009.老挝万象盆地通芒地区盐构造特征及成因机制[J].盐湖研究,17(2):5-12.
刘成林.2013.大陆裂谷盆地钾盐矿床特征与成矿作用[J].地球学报,34(5):515-527.
刘成林,焦鹏程,王弭力.2010.盆地钾盐找矿模型探讨[J].矿床地质,29(4):581-592.
刘成林,王弭力,焦鹏程,等.2006.世界主要古代钾盐找矿实践与中国找钾对策[J].化工矿产地质,28(1):1-8.
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