白垩纪海水Ca异常与溢晶石形成的关系
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摘要
在白垩纪出现了3个典型的缺硫酸盐型"异常"蒸发盐,巴西塞尔希培盆地、西非刚果盆地、泰国和老挝呵叻盆地,3个蒸发盐盆地中均出现了含钙的溢晶石矿物。尽管对这些盆地蒸发盐的成因存在争议,但目前认为形成溢晶石Ca的来源主要为非海相CaCl_2热液流体。利用前人初始沉积石盐包裹体卤水组分分析结果的相化学分析,在25℃NaCl-KCl-MgCl_2-CaCl_2-H_2O五元体系相图中讨论溢晶石形成的物理化学条件,认为白垩纪古海水Ca异常是溢晶石形成的物质条件,干燥、高温是溢晶石形成的外界因素。
During the Cretaceous period, there were three typical sulphate deficient "abnormal" evaporative salt,Brazil Sergipe Basin, West Africa Congo Basin, Thailand and Laos Khorat Basin, Tachyhydrite minerals were found in the threeevaporative salt basins. Although the origin of evaporation salts in these basins is controversial, it is presently believed that the source of Tachyhydrite Ca is mainly non-marine CaCl_2 hydrothermal fluid.Based on the analysis results of brine components of the original sedimentary salt inclusions,The physical and chemical conditions of Tachyhydrite formation are discussed in the phase diagram of 25 ℃ NaCl-KCl-MgCl_2-CaCl_2-H_2 O Five-element system. It is considered that the Cretaceous paleo-seawater Ca anomaly is the material condition of Tachyhydrite formation, and drying and high temperature are the external factors for the formation of Tachyhydrit.
During the Cretaceous period, there were three typical sulphate deficient "abnormal" evaporative salt,Brazil Sergipe Basin, West Africa Congo Basin, Thailand and Laos Khorat Basin, Tachyhydrite minerals were found in the threeevaporative salt basins. Although the origin of evaporation salts in these basins is controversial, it is presently believed that the source of Tachyhydrite Ca is mainly non-marine CaCl_2 hydrothermal fluid.Based on the analysis results of brine components of the original sedimentary salt inclusions,The physical and chemical conditions of Tachyhydrite formation are discussed in the phase diagram of 25 ℃ NaCl-KCl-MgCl_2-CaCl_2-H_2 O Five-element system. It is considered that the Cretaceous paleo-seawater Ca anomaly is the material condition of Tachyhydrite formation, and drying and high temperature are the external factors for the formation of Tachyhydrit.
引文
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2曲懿华.泰国呵叻高原钾盐矿床沉积特征及成因探讨[J].化工矿产地质,1980,2(1):13~22
3曲懿华.兰坪-思茅盆地与泰国呵叻盆地含钾卤水同源性研究-兼论该区找钾有利层位和地区[J].化工矿产地质,1997,19(2):81~84,98
4程怀德,马海州,山发寿,等.基于相化学研究老挝万象钾镁盐矿床形成的机制[J].地球学报,2010,31(2):194~202
5张西营,马海州,谭红兵,等.老挝东泰钾盐矿床地球化学及其沉积后变化初步研究[J].矿床地质,2010,29(4):713~721
6钟维敷,李志伟,单卫国.呵叻盆地钾镁盐矿沉积特征及成因探讨[J].云南地质,2003,22(2):142~150
7 Rammelsberg C.über den Tachhydrit,ein neues mineral aus dem Steinsalzlager von Sta?furt[J].Pogg.Anm.d.Physik,1856,97/98 S:261~263,267
8 Lowenstein T K,Spencer R J.Syndepositional origin of potash evaporites:petrographic and fluid inclusion evidence[J].American Journal of Science,1990,290:1~42
9 Hardie L A.The roles of rifting and hydrothermal CaCl2 brines in the origin of potash evaporites:an hypothesis[J].American Journal of Science,1990,290:43~106
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16 Mineralogy Database.[2012-02-01].http://webmineral.com.
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18 Assarsson G O.Equilibria in aqueous systems containing K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+and Cl-.III.The ternary system CaCl2-Mg Cl2-H2O[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1950,72:1442~1444
19 Hite R J,Japakasetr T.Potash deposits of the Khorat Plateau,Thailand and Laos[J].Economic Geology,1979,74:448~458
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21 Smith P F L,Stokes R B,Bristow C,et al.Mid-Cretaceous inversion in the northern Khorat Plateau of Lao PDR and Thailand[M]//Hall R,Blundell D J.(Eds.).Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia,106.Geological Society of London Special Publication,1996:233~246
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23 Hite R J.Evaporite deposits of the Khorat Plateau,northeastern Thailand[C].In:Coogan,A H.(Ed.),Fourth International Symposium on Salt.Geological Society Northern Texas,1974,135~146
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25本山正夫,門田稔,岡俊平.25℃にぉけゐNaCl-KCl-MgCl2-CaCl2-H2O系の相平衡[J].日本海水会誌,1972,26(4):173~180
26 Evans R.Origin and significance of evaporites in basins around Atlantic margin[J].Am.Assoc.Petrol.Geol.Bull.,1978,62(2):223~234
27 Burke K,Seng?r A M.Ten metre global sea-level change associated with South Atlantic Aptian salt deposition[J].Marine Geology,1988,83:309~312
28 Coward M P,Purdy E G,Ries A C,et al.The distribution of petroleum reserves in basins of the South Atlantic margins[M]//Cameron N R,Bate RH,Clure V S(Eds.),The Oil and Gas Habitats of the South Atlantic,153.Geological Society Special Publication,1999:283~292
29 Wardlaw N C,Nicholls G D.Cretaceous evaporites of Brazil and west Africa and their bearing on the theory of continent separation[C].In:24th International Geological Congress,1972,sec.6:43-55
30 de Ruiter P A C.The Gabon and Congo basins salt deposits[J].Economic Geology,1979,74(2):419~431.
31 Nürnberg D,Müller R D.The tectonic evolution of the South Atlantic from Late Jurassic to present[J].Tectonophysics,1991,191:27~53
32 Maurin J C,Guiraud R.Basement control in the development of the Early Cretaceous West and Central African rift system[J].Tectonophysics,1993,228:81~95
33 Oliver F Z.Sequência evaporitica Ibura da Bacia de Sergipe:Revisao de facies sedimentares,paleoambientes deposicionais epotencialidades na geracao de petroleo[D].Dissertacao de mestrado,Universidade Federal Fluminense,1997:145
34 Silva M A M..The Araripe Basin,northeastern Brazil:regional geology and facies analysis of a Lower Cretaceous evaporitic depositional complex[D].Ph.D.dissertation,Columbia University,1983:277
35 Szatmari P,Carvalho R S,Simoes I A.A comparison of evaporite facies in the Late Paleozoic Amazon and the Middle Cretaceous south Atlantic salt basins[J].Economic Geology,1979,74:432~447
36 Holser W T.Chemistry of brine inclusions in Permian salt from Hutchinson,Kansas[C].In Symposium on Salt(Bersticker AC,ed.),Northern Ohio Geological Society,1963(1):86~95
37 Lazar B,Holland H D.The analysis of fluid inclusions in halite[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988,52:485~490
38 Kramer J R.History of seawater.Constant temperature-pressure equilibrium models compared to fluid inclusion analyses[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1965,29:921~945
39 Petrichenko O I.Methods of study of inclusions in minerals in saline deposits[J].Fluid Inclusion Research,1979,12:114~274
40 Stein C L,Krumhansl J L.A model for the evolution of brines in salt from the lower Salado Formation,southeastern New Mexico[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988,52:1037~1046
41 Das N,Horita J,Holland H D.Chemistry of fluid inclusions in halite from the Salina Group of the Michigan Basin:Implications for Late Silurian seawater and the origin of sedimentary brines[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1990,54:319~327
42 Horita J,Friedman T J,Lazar B,et al.The composition of Permian seawater[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1991,55:417~432
43 Ayora C,Garcia-Veigas J,Pueyo J J.X-ray microanalysis of fluid inclusions and its application to the geochemical modeling of evaporite basins[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58:43~55
44 Ayora C,Garcia-Veigas J,Pueyo J J.The chemical and hydrological evolution of an ancient potash-forming evaporite basin in Spain as constrained by mineral sequence,fluid inclusion composition,and numerical simulation[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58:3379~3394
45 Land L S,Eustice R A,Mack L E,et al.Reactivity of evaporites during burial:An example from the Jurassic of Alabama[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59:3765~3778
46 Holser W T.Trace elements and isotopes in evaporites[M]//Burns R G,ed.Marine Minerals.Reviews in Mineralogy.Mineralogical Society of America.1979,6:295~346
47 Holser W T.Mineralogy of evaporites[M]//Burns R G,ed.Marine Minerals.Reviews in Mineralogy.Mineralogical Society of America.1979,6:211-294
48 Hardie L A.Evaporites:marine or non-marine?[J].American Journal of Science,1984,284:193~240
49 Hardie L A,Lowenstein T K,Spencer R J.The problem of distinguishing between primary and secondary features in evaporates[C].In Sixth International Symposium on Salt(eds.B.C.Schreiber and H.L.Harner),1985:11~38.Salt Institute
50 Lowenstein T K,Spencer R J,Zhang P.Origin of ancient potash evaporates:Clues from the modern nonmarine Qaidam Basin of western China[J].Science,1989,245:1090~1092
51 Smoot J P,Lowenstein T K.Depositional environments of non-marine evaporates[M]//Melvin J L,ed.Evaporites,Petroleum and Mineral Resources.Developments in Sedimentology.Elsevier.1991,50:189~347
52 Attia O E,Lowenstein T K,Wali A M A.Middle Miocene gypsum,Gulf of Suez;Marine or nonmarine?[J].Journal Sedimentary Research,1995,A65:614~626
53 Harvie C E,Weare J H.980.The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters:The Na-K-Mg-Ca-SO4-H2O system from zero to high concentration at 25℃[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1980,44:981~997
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