财政转移支付是“输血”还是“造血”——基于国定扶贫县的实证研究
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摘要
文章以国家扶贫开发重点县为研究对象,分别基于收入角度、支出角度以及客观经济结果指标系统研究财政净转移支付及各类财政转移支付对贫困地区自身"造血"能力的影响。主要结论如下:(1)财政转移支付既有"输血"作用,也有"造血"作用,地方财政支出有利于提升贫困地区自身"造血"能力;(2)财政转移支付可以有效拉动地方经济发展以及地方财政收入,同时提升贫困地区农户机械总动力,财政转移支付总体效果较好;(3)相对贫困地区自身"造血"能力较强,极度贫困地区财政转移支付更偏向"输血"。根据研究结论,本文提出如下建议:首先,应优先安排和保障贫困地区财政转移支付支持力度,同时对财政转移支付资金进行"精细化"管理,提升财政转移支付使用绩效;其次,财政转移支付结构方面,应保障专项转移支付比重,以准确实现上级政府的减贫目标;最后,对贫困地区要分类施策,既要注重财政转移支付"输血"能力,更要注重"造血"能力。
This paper takes the state-designated poverty-stricken counties as the research object, from the income angle, expenditure angle and objective result angle, and systematically studies the influence of net transfer payment and all kinds of transfer payments on the "blood-making" ability of poor areas. The main conclusions are as follows: Firstly, the fiscal transfer payment has the effect of "blood transfusion" and "blood-making", and local fiscal expenditure is conducive to improving its own "blood-making" ability. Secondly, fiscal transfer payments can effectively stimulate local economic development and increase local fiscal revenue and the total mechanical power used by farmers in poor areas. The overall effect of fiscal transfer payments is better. Thirdly, relatively poor areas have stronger "blood-making" ability, and fiscal transfer payments are more inclined to "blood transfusion" in extremely poor areas. In view of the research conclusions, the paper holds that the government should prioritize and guarantee the level of financial transfer payment support in poor areas. At the same time, we should refine the management of financial transfer payment funds and improve the use efficiency of financial transfer payments. Secondly, in terms of the transfer payment structure, the proportion of special transfer payments should be guaranteed in order to accurately achieve the poverty reduction goals set by the higher levels of government. Finally, differentiated policies should be adopted for poor areas to improve not only the "blood transfusion" but also "blood-making" ability of financial transfer payments.
This paper takes the state-designated poverty-stricken counties as the research object, from the income angle, expenditure angle and objective result angle, and systematically studies the influence of net transfer payment and all kinds of transfer payments on the "blood-making" ability of poor areas. The main conclusions are as follows: Firstly, the fiscal transfer payment has the effect of "blood transfusion" and "blood-making", and local fiscal expenditure is conducive to improving its own "blood-making" ability. Secondly, fiscal transfer payments can effectively stimulate local economic development and increase local fiscal revenue and the total mechanical power used by farmers in poor areas. The overall effect of fiscal transfer payments is better. Thirdly, relatively poor areas have stronger "blood-making" ability, and fiscal transfer payments are more inclined to "blood transfusion" in extremely poor areas. In view of the research conclusions, the paper holds that the government should prioritize and guarantee the level of financial transfer payment support in poor areas. At the same time, we should refine the management of financial transfer payment funds and improve the use efficiency of financial transfer payments. Secondly, in terms of the transfer payment structure, the proportion of special transfer payments should be guaranteed in order to accurately achieve the poverty reduction goals set by the higher levels of government. Finally, differentiated policies should be adopted for poor areas to improve not only the "blood transfusion" but also "blood-making" ability of financial transfer payments.
引文
1.陈国强、罗楚亮、吴世艳:《公共转移支付的减贫效应估计——收入贫困还是多维贫困?》,《数量经济技术经济研究》2018年第5期。
2.陈俊聪、张瑾:《对外直接投资的减贫效应及门槛特征:基于空间异质性分析》,《南京社会科学》2018年第1期。
3.储德银、赵飞:《财政分权与农村贫困——基于中国数据的实证检验》,《中国农村经济》2013年第4期。
4.都阳、Albert Park:《中国的城市贫困:社会救助及其效应》,《经济研究》2007年第12期。
5.樊丽明、解垩:《公共转移支付减少了贫困脆弱性吗?》,《经济研究》2014年第8期。
6.刘穷志:《转移支付激励与贫困减少——基于PSM技术的分析》,《中国软科学》2010年第9期。
7.卢盛峰、卢洪友:《政府救助能够帮助低收入群体走出贫困吗?——基于1989—2009年CHNS数据的实证研究》,《财经研究》2013年第1期。
8.卢现祥、徐俊武:《公共政策、减贫与有利于穷人的经济增长——基于1995—2006年中国各省转移支付的分析》,《制度经济学研究》2009年第2期。
9.马光荣、郭庆旺、刘畅:《财政转移支付结构与地区经济增长》,《中国社会科学》2016年第9期。
10.毛捷、汪德华、白重恩:《扶贫与地方政府公共支出——基于“八七扶贫攻坚计划”的经验研究》,《经济学(季刊) 》2012年第4期。
11.苏春红、解垩:《财政流动、转移支付及其减贫效率——基于中国农村微观数据的分析》,《金融研究》2015年第4期。
12.解垩:《公共转移支付对再分配及贫困的影响研究》,《经济研究》2017年第9期。
13.解垩:《公共转移支付和私人转移支付对农村贫困、不平等的影响:反事实分析》,《财贸经济》2010年第12期。
14.徐超、李林木:《城乡低保是否有助于未来减贫——基于贫困脆弱性的实证分析》,《财贸经济》2017年第5期。
15.徐爱燕、沈坤荣:《财政支出减贫的收入效应——基于中国农村地区的分析》,《财经科学》2017年第1期。
16.张川川、John Giles、赵耀辉:《新型农村社会养老保险政策效果评估——收入、贫困、消费、主观福利和劳动供给》,《经济学(季刊) 》2015年第1期。
17.张凯强:《转移支付与地区稳定》,《财贸经济》2018年第1期。
18.Aggarwal,M.,An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Anti-Poverty Programs for Rural Development in India.Journal of International Money & Finance,Vol.31,No.6,2011,pp.1371-1391.
19.Agostini,C.A.,& Brown,P.,Local Distributional Effects of Government Cash Transfers in Chile.William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan,2007.
20.Arrow,K.J.,The Trade-off between Growth and Equity,In Greenfield,H.I.,Levenson,A.M.,Hamovitch,W.,and Rotwein,E.(eds.),Theory for Economic Efficiency:Essays in Honor of Abba P.Lerner.USA:MIT Press,1979.
21.Blau,D.M.,& Robins,P.K.,Labor Supply Response to Welfare Programs:A Dynamic Analysis.Journal of Labor Economics,Vol.4,No.1,1986,pp.82-104.
22.Brady,D.,The Welfare State and Relative Poverty in Rich Western Democracies:1967—1997.Social Forces,Vol.83,No.4,2005,pp.1329-1364.
23.Cai,H.,& Treisman,D.,Does Competition for Capital Discipline Governments?.Decentralization,Globalization,and Public Policy.American Economic Review,Vol.95,No.3,2005,pp.817-830.
24.Cox,D.,Hansen,B.E.,& Jimenez,E.,How Responsive Are Private Transfers to Income?.Evidence from a Laissez-Faire Economy.Journal of Public Economics,Vol.88,No.9,2004,pp.2193-2219.
25.Dewatripont,M.,Sapir,A.,& Sekkat,K.,Labour Market Effects of Trade with LDCs in Europe.Ulb Institutional Repository,1999,pp.60-79.
26.Dimova,R.,& Wolff,F.C.,Are Private Transfers Poverty and Inequality Reducing?.Household Level Evidence from Bulgaria.Journal of Comparative Economics,Vol.36,No.4,2008,pp.584-598.
27.Gertler,P.J.,Martinez,S.W.,& Rubio-Codina,M.,Investing Cash Transfers to Raise Long-Term Living Standards.American Economic Journal Applied Economics,Vol.4,No.1,2012,pp.164-192.
28.Lal,D.,& Sharma,A.,Private Household Transfers and Poverty Alleviation in Rural India:1998-1999.Margin the Journal of Applied Economic Research,Vol.3,No.2,2009,pp.97-112.
29.Ravallion,M.,& Chen,S.,Benefit Incidence with Incentive Effects,Measurement Errors and Latent Heterogeneity:A Case Study for China.Journal of Public Economics,Vol.12,No.8,2015,pp.124-132.
30.Skoufias,E.,& Maro,V.D.,Conditional Cash Transfers,Adult Work Incentives and Poverty.Journal of Development Studies,Vol.44,No.7,2008,pp.935-960.
2.陈俊聪、张瑾:《对外直接投资的减贫效应及门槛特征:基于空间异质性分析》,《南京社会科学》2018年第1期。
3.储德银、赵飞:《财政分权与农村贫困——基于中国数据的实证检验》,《中国农村经济》2013年第4期。
4.都阳、Albert Park:《中国的城市贫困:社会救助及其效应》,《经济研究》2007年第12期。
5.樊丽明、解垩:《公共转移支付减少了贫困脆弱性吗?》,《经济研究》2014年第8期。
6.刘穷志:《转移支付激励与贫困减少——基于PSM技术的分析》,《中国软科学》2010年第9期。
7.卢盛峰、卢洪友:《政府救助能够帮助低收入群体走出贫困吗?——基于1989—2009年CHNS数据的实证研究》,《财经研究》2013年第1期。
8.卢现祥、徐俊武:《公共政策、减贫与有利于穷人的经济增长——基于1995—2006年中国各省转移支付的分析》,《制度经济学研究》2009年第2期。
9.马光荣、郭庆旺、刘畅:《财政转移支付结构与地区经济增长》,《中国社会科学》2016年第9期。
10.毛捷、汪德华、白重恩:《扶贫与地方政府公共支出——基于“八七扶贫攻坚计划”的经验研究》,《经济学(季刊) 》2012年第4期。
11.苏春红、解垩:《财政流动、转移支付及其减贫效率——基于中国农村微观数据的分析》,《金融研究》2015年第4期。
12.解垩:《公共转移支付对再分配及贫困的影响研究》,《经济研究》2017年第9期。
13.解垩:《公共转移支付和私人转移支付对农村贫困、不平等的影响:反事实分析》,《财贸经济》2010年第12期。
14.徐超、李林木:《城乡低保是否有助于未来减贫——基于贫困脆弱性的实证分析》,《财贸经济》2017年第5期。
15.徐爱燕、沈坤荣:《财政支出减贫的收入效应——基于中国农村地区的分析》,《财经科学》2017年第1期。
16.张川川、John Giles、赵耀辉:《新型农村社会养老保险政策效果评估——收入、贫困、消费、主观福利和劳动供给》,《经济学(季刊) 》2015年第1期。
17.张凯强:《转移支付与地区稳定》,《财贸经济》2018年第1期。
18.Aggarwal,M.,An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Anti-Poverty Programs for Rural Development in India.Journal of International Money & Finance,Vol.31,No.6,2011,pp.1371-1391.
19.Agostini,C.A.,& Brown,P.,Local Distributional Effects of Government Cash Transfers in Chile.William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan,2007.
20.Arrow,K.J.,The Trade-off between Growth and Equity,In Greenfield,H.I.,Levenson,A.M.,Hamovitch,W.,and Rotwein,E.(eds.),Theory for Economic Efficiency:Essays in Honor of Abba P.Lerner.USA:MIT Press,1979.
21.Blau,D.M.,& Robins,P.K.,Labor Supply Response to Welfare Programs:A Dynamic Analysis.Journal of Labor Economics,Vol.4,No.1,1986,pp.82-104.
22.Brady,D.,The Welfare State and Relative Poverty in Rich Western Democracies:1967—1997.Social Forces,Vol.83,No.4,2005,pp.1329-1364.
23.Cai,H.,& Treisman,D.,Does Competition for Capital Discipline Governments?.Decentralization,Globalization,and Public Policy.American Economic Review,Vol.95,No.3,2005,pp.817-830.
24.Cox,D.,Hansen,B.E.,& Jimenez,E.,How Responsive Are Private Transfers to Income?.Evidence from a Laissez-Faire Economy.Journal of Public Economics,Vol.88,No.9,2004,pp.2193-2219.
25.Dewatripont,M.,Sapir,A.,& Sekkat,K.,Labour Market Effects of Trade with LDCs in Europe.Ulb Institutional Repository,1999,pp.60-79.
26.Dimova,R.,& Wolff,F.C.,Are Private Transfers Poverty and Inequality Reducing?.Household Level Evidence from Bulgaria.Journal of Comparative Economics,Vol.36,No.4,2008,pp.584-598.
27.Gertler,P.J.,Martinez,S.W.,& Rubio-Codina,M.,Investing Cash Transfers to Raise Long-Term Living Standards.American Economic Journal Applied Economics,Vol.4,No.1,2012,pp.164-192.
28.Lal,D.,& Sharma,A.,Private Household Transfers and Poverty Alleviation in Rural India:1998-1999.Margin the Journal of Applied Economic Research,Vol.3,No.2,2009,pp.97-112.
29.Ravallion,M.,& Chen,S.,Benefit Incidence with Incentive Effects,Measurement Errors and Latent Heterogeneity:A Case Study for China.Journal of Public Economics,Vol.12,No.8,2015,pp.124-132.
30.Skoufias,E.,& Maro,V.D.,Conditional Cash Transfers,Adult Work Incentives and Poverty.Journal of Development Studies,Vol.44,No.7,2008,pp.935-960.