农村厕所改造现状及存在问题探讨
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摘要
在我国广大的农村地区,由于卫生系统的缺乏及传统旱厕的应用引发的一系列环境污染及健康安全问题日益严重,致使农村厕所改造迫在眉睫。因此,分别从工作原理、存在优势及国内改造情况等方面介绍了几种目前农村应用比较普遍的厕所(三格化粪池、双瓮式厕所、沼气池厕所、粪尿分集式厕所、堆肥厕所及完整下水道水冲厕所等)。通过分析总结,认为农村厕所改造在应用中应重点解决终产物的处理问题,建立农户与企业互利共赢并使资源得到有效回收利用的产业系统,这种可持续发展模式将作为推进农村厕所改造进程的重要突破口,为后期工程的推进提供重要的指导意义。
In rural areas of China,the lack of sanitary systems and the application of traditional dry toilets have caused a series of environment pollution and health problems. So the improvement of rural toilets has become imminent. This paper introduces several basic types of toilets in terms of the working principle,advantages and progress of domestic reconstruction project,including three septic tank toilets such as double-urn toilets,biogas toilets,urine-diverting dry toilet,composting toilets and complete water-flushing toilets. Through the analysis and discussion,it is concluded that the focus lies in solution to the problem of the final product. It is necessary to establish an industrial chain in which both the farmers and the enterprises are mutually beneficial so as to effectively recycle resources. As a kind of sustainable development model,it will be an important breakthrough to promote the improvement of rural toilets and be of great significance to guide the latter projects.
In rural areas of China,the lack of sanitary systems and the application of traditional dry toilets have caused a series of environment pollution and health problems. So the improvement of rural toilets has become imminent. This paper introduces several basic types of toilets in terms of the working principle,advantages and progress of domestic reconstruction project,including three septic tank toilets such as double-urn toilets,biogas toilets,urine-diverting dry toilet,composting toilets and complete water-flushing toilets. Through the analysis and discussion,it is concluded that the focus lies in solution to the problem of the final product. It is necessary to establish an industrial chain in which both the farmers and the enterprises are mutually beneficial so as to effectively recycle resources. As a kind of sustainable development model,it will be an important breakthrough to promote the improvement of rural toilets and be of great significance to guide the latter projects.
引文
[1]徐学东.厕所革命,让农民过上更精致的生活[J].中国农村科技,2016,(7):30-33.
[2]朱萌,王强.农村三格化粪池卫生厕所建造技术与改进研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(11):6704-6705,6708.
[3]纪忠义,蔡哲,宫大伟,等.农村改厕不同的便器冲水模式对三格和双瓮类型户厕粪便无害化处理效果的影响[J].环境卫生学杂志,2013,3(4):313-315.
[4]闫亚男,张列宇,席北斗,等.改良化粪池/地下土壤渗滤系统处理农村生活污水[J].中国给水排水,2011,27(10):69-72.
[5]冯长艳,代兴碧,牟李红,等.重庆市农村三格化粪池后粪水处理方法的现场研究[J].卫生研究,2009,38(2):221-223.
[6]王谋江,操基玉,李乃林,等.塑料双瓮化粪池粪便无害化处理效果评价[J].中国校医,2011,25(11):823-824.
[7]余海宁,熊小龙.几种贵州农村沿用沼气池分析及改进设计[J].中国沼气,2011,29(1):51-54.
[8]董照锋,王立录,张建锋,等.上部回流沼气池技术[J].中国沼气,2012,30(1):31-33,41.
[9]闫毅,于海业,陈丽梅,等.东北农村新“五位一体”生态模式研究[J].农机化研究,2010,7(8):213-216.
[10]曾华梁,赵玉凤,赖静.农村户用新型卫生沼气池厕所处理粪便卫生效果观察[J].中国沼气,1999,17(2):24-26.
[11]Magri M E,Liuz S P,Vinneras B.Inactivation of pathogens in feces by desiccation and urea treatment for application in urine-diverting dry toilets[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2013,79(7):2156-2163.
[12]陈叶纪,孙玉东,吴振宇.安徽省粪尿分集厕所扩展试点研究的评估分析[J].安徽预防医学杂志,2002,8(2):68-71.
[13]孙伟.粪尿分集全方位负压排臭生态卫生旱厕应用实例[J].环境科学导刊,2007,26(6):71-73.
[14]赵军营,任培培,徐学东.源分离农村卫生厕所冲水灌溉利用技术研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(16):5175-5177,5185.
[15]Anand C K,Apul D S.Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation-A review[J].Waste Manage,2013,34(2):329-343.
[16]刘玉玲,高良敏.豆秸杆作生态厕所基质的可行性研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(4):141-144.
[17]盛保华,高良敏,钱新,等.堆肥式生态厕所处理人类排泄物变化规律研究[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(2):15-17.
[18]Yadav K D,Tare V,Ahammed M M.Vermicomposting of source-separated human faeces for nutrient recycling[J].Waste Manage,2010,30(1):50-56.
[19]Hill G B,Baldwin S A.Vermicomposting toilets,an alternative to latrine style microbial composting toilets,prove far superior in mass reduction,pathogen destruction,compost quality,and operational cost[J].Waste Manage,2012,32(10):1811-1820.
[20]Bai F,Wang X.Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces[J].Front Environ Sci Eng China,2010,4(2):228-234.
[21]白帆,王晓昌.粪便生态厕所高温好氧堆肥过程中气态氨的释放特性[J].西安建筑科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010,42(6):856-860.
[22]Kazama S,Otaki M.Mechanisms for the inactivation of bacteria and viruses in sawdust used in composting toilet[J].J Water Environ Technol,2011,9(1):53-66.
[23]张健,高世宝,章菁.真空便器与真空排水在节水和污水源分离中的应用[J].给水排水,2008,34(2):96-99.
[2]朱萌,王强.农村三格化粪池卫生厕所建造技术与改进研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(11):6704-6705,6708.
[3]纪忠义,蔡哲,宫大伟,等.农村改厕不同的便器冲水模式对三格和双瓮类型户厕粪便无害化处理效果的影响[J].环境卫生学杂志,2013,3(4):313-315.
[4]闫亚男,张列宇,席北斗,等.改良化粪池/地下土壤渗滤系统处理农村生活污水[J].中国给水排水,2011,27(10):69-72.
[5]冯长艳,代兴碧,牟李红,等.重庆市农村三格化粪池后粪水处理方法的现场研究[J].卫生研究,2009,38(2):221-223.
[6]王谋江,操基玉,李乃林,等.塑料双瓮化粪池粪便无害化处理效果评价[J].中国校医,2011,25(11):823-824.
[7]余海宁,熊小龙.几种贵州农村沿用沼气池分析及改进设计[J].中国沼气,2011,29(1):51-54.
[8]董照锋,王立录,张建锋,等.上部回流沼气池技术[J].中国沼气,2012,30(1):31-33,41.
[9]闫毅,于海业,陈丽梅,等.东北农村新“五位一体”生态模式研究[J].农机化研究,2010,7(8):213-216.
[10]曾华梁,赵玉凤,赖静.农村户用新型卫生沼气池厕所处理粪便卫生效果观察[J].中国沼气,1999,17(2):24-26.
[11]Magri M E,Liuz S P,Vinneras B.Inactivation of pathogens in feces by desiccation and urea treatment for application in urine-diverting dry toilets[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2013,79(7):2156-2163.
[12]陈叶纪,孙玉东,吴振宇.安徽省粪尿分集厕所扩展试点研究的评估分析[J].安徽预防医学杂志,2002,8(2):68-71.
[13]孙伟.粪尿分集全方位负压排臭生态卫生旱厕应用实例[J].环境科学导刊,2007,26(6):71-73.
[14]赵军营,任培培,徐学东.源分离农村卫生厕所冲水灌溉利用技术研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(16):5175-5177,5185.
[15]Anand C K,Apul D S.Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation-A review[J].Waste Manage,2013,34(2):329-343.
[16]刘玉玲,高良敏.豆秸杆作生态厕所基质的可行性研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(4):141-144.
[17]盛保华,高良敏,钱新,等.堆肥式生态厕所处理人类排泄物变化规律研究[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(2):15-17.
[18]Yadav K D,Tare V,Ahammed M M.Vermicomposting of source-separated human faeces for nutrient recycling[J].Waste Manage,2010,30(1):50-56.
[19]Hill G B,Baldwin S A.Vermicomposting toilets,an alternative to latrine style microbial composting toilets,prove far superior in mass reduction,pathogen destruction,compost quality,and operational cost[J].Waste Manage,2012,32(10):1811-1820.
[20]Bai F,Wang X.Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces[J].Front Environ Sci Eng China,2010,4(2):228-234.
[21]白帆,王晓昌.粪便生态厕所高温好氧堆肥过程中气态氨的释放特性[J].西安建筑科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010,42(6):856-860.
[22]Kazama S,Otaki M.Mechanisms for the inactivation of bacteria and viruses in sawdust used in composting toilet[J].J Water Environ Technol,2011,9(1):53-66.
[23]张健,高世宝,章菁.真空便器与真空排水在节水和污水源分离中的应用[J].给水排水,2008,34(2):96-99.