基于倾角导向梯度能量熵的断层检测方法
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摘要
断层解释是三维地震数据精细构造解释的关键。三维不连续性地震几何属性分析技术的发展,为断层等不连续性地质边界的检测和识别提供了极大的便利。针对传统地震几何属性对随机噪声较为敏感,用于检测和识别微小断层效果不好这一现实问题,提出了一种基于倾角导向梯度能量熵的相干分析方法。首先利用梯度结构张量获取倾角信息,然后通过构建梯度相关矩阵计算局部地震数据的梯度能量熵值。高能量熵值代表数据的连续性很差,低能量熵值代表数据的连续性很好,因此可以利用能量熵值刻画三维地震数据的不连续性空间结构信息。理论模型和实际数据测试表明,新方法不仅抗噪能力较强,而且对断层等不连续性边界的检测效果比超级地震道第一代相干体(ST-C1)、超级地震道第三代相干体(ST-C3)和局部结构熵相干体(LSE)都好,可以有效地用于三维断层及其他地质边界的地震解释。
Locating small-scale strata discontinuities is one of the most challenging tasks,and these subtle geological features are significant since they are often associated with subsurface petroleum traps.Subtle faults,fractures,unconformities,reef textures,channel boundaries,thin-bed boundaries,and other structural and stratigraphic discontinuities have subtle geologic edges which may provide lateral variation on seismic data.Among different available geophysical techniques,3-D seismic discontinuity attributes are effective tools for highlighting discontinuities on seismic data.Conventional seismic discontinuity attributes are sensitive to noise and are not appropriate for detecting smallscale discontinuities.Thus,we propose a dip-oriented gradient-energy-entropy(DOGEE)coherence to detect subtle faults and structural features.The DOGEE coherence estimation method uses gradient structure tensor(GST)algorithm to obtain local dip information and construct a gradient correlation matrix to calculate gradient-energy-entropy.The proposed DOGEE coherence is robust to noise,and also improves the clarity of fault edges.It is effective for small-scale discontinuity characterization and interpretation.
Locating small-scale strata discontinuities is one of the most challenging tasks,and these subtle geological features are significant since they are often associated with subsurface petroleum traps.Subtle faults,fractures,unconformities,reef textures,channel boundaries,thin-bed boundaries,and other structural and stratigraphic discontinuities have subtle geologic edges which may provide lateral variation on seismic data.Among different available geophysical techniques,3-D seismic discontinuity attributes are effective tools for highlighting discontinuities on seismic data.Conventional seismic discontinuity attributes are sensitive to noise and are not appropriate for detecting smallscale discontinuities.Thus,we propose a dip-oriented gradient-energy-entropy(DOGEE)coherence to detect subtle faults and structural features.The DOGEE coherence estimation method uses gradient structure tensor(GST)algorithm to obtain local dip information and construct a gradient correlation matrix to calculate gradient-energy-entropy.The proposed DOGEE coherence is robust to noise,and also improves the clarity of fault edges.It is effective for small-scale discontinuity characterization and interpretation.
引文
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[13] 李军,张军华,龚明平,等.基于魔方矩阵的断层检测方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(3):552-557.LI Jun,ZHANG Junhua,GONG Mingping,et al.Fault detection based on magic matrix[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(3):552-557.
[14] 王清振,张金淼,姜秀娣,等.利用梯度结构张量检测盐丘与断层[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):826-831.WANG Qingzhen,ZHANG Jinmiao,JIANG Xiudi,et al.Salt dome and fault detection based on the gradient-structure-tensor[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(4):826-831.
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[16] Al-Dossary S and Marfurt K J.3-D volumetric multispectral estimates of reflector curvature and rotation[J].Geophysics,2006,71(5):41-51.
[17] 王清振,姜秀娣,翁斌,等.高抗噪性三维体曲率分析技术及其在高陡地层发育区的应用[J].石油物探,2017,56(4):559-566.WANG Qingzhen,JIANG Xiudi,WENG Bin,et al.A 3D curvature attribute analysis method with excellent anti-noise property suitable for high steep formation[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2017,56(4):559-566.
[18] Marfurt K J and Kirlin R L.3-D broadband estimates of reflector dip and amplitude[J].Geophysics,2000,65(1):304-320.
[19] Gao D.Volume texture extraction for 3-D seismic visualization and interpretation[J].Geophysics,2003,68(4):1294-1302.
[20] Hocker C and Fehmers G.Fast structural interpretation with structure-oriented filtering[J]. The Leading Edge,2002,21(3):238-243.
[21] Bakker P L,Vliet J V,Verbeek P W.Edge-preserving orientation adaptive filtering[C].Proceedings of the IEEE-CS Coherence on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,1999,1535-1540.
[22] Luo Y,Al-Dossary S,Alfaraj M.Edge-preserving smoothing and application[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21(2):136-158.
[23] Lawrence P.Seismic attributes in the characterization of small-scale reservoir faults in Abqaiq Field[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17(4):521-525.
[24] Neves F A,Zahrani M S,Bremkamp S W.Detection of potential fractures and small faults using seimic attributes[J].The Leading Edge,2004,23(9):903-906.
[25] Barnes A E.Theory of two-dimensional complex seismic trace analysis[J].Geophysics,1996,61(1):264-272.
[26] Bakker P.Image Structure Analysis for Seismic interpretation[D].Delft University of Technology,2003.
[27] 隋京坤,郑晓东,李艳东,等.一种精确消除倾斜地层对相干值影响的方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(4):691-698.SUI Jingkun,ZHENG Xiaodong,LI Yandong,et al.A precise algorithm to eliminate effects of slope on seismic coherence[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(4):691-698.
[2] Marfurt K J,Kirlin R L,Farmer S L,et al.3-D seismic attributes using a semblance-based coherence algorithm[J].Geophysics,1998,63(4):1150-1165.
[3] Gersztenkorn A and Marfurt K J.Eigenstructure-based coherence computations as an aid to 3-D structural and stratigraphic mapping[J].Geophysics,1999,64(5):1468-1479.
[4] Marfurt K J,Sudhaker V,Gersztenkorn A,et al.Coherence calculations in the presence of strong structural dip[J].Geophysics,1999,64(1):104-111.
[5] Cohen I,Coifman R R.Local discontinuity measures for 3-D seismic data[J].Geophysics,2002,67(6):1933-1945.
[6] Lu W K,Li Y D,Xiao H Q,et al.Higher-order-statistics and supertrace-based coherence-estimation algorithm[J].Geophysics,2005,70(3):P13-P18.
[7] Li Y D,Lu W K,Xiao H Q,et al.Dip-scanning coherence algorithm using eigenstructure analysis and supertrace technique[J].Geophysics,2006,71(3):V61-V66.
[8] 杨葆军,杨长春,陈雨红,等.自适应时窗相干体计算技术及其应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2013,48(3):436-442.YANG Baojun,YANG Changchun,CHEN Yuhong,et al.Coherence calculation with adaptive windows and its application[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2013,48(3):436-442.
[9] 王静波,王尚旭,袁三一,等.基于多道局部复值相关的地震信号边缘检测[J].石油地球物理勘探,2014,49(1):190-196.WANG Jingbo,WANG Shangxu,YUAN Sanyi,et al.Seismic data edge detection using multichannel local complex-valued correlation[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2014,49(1):190-196.
[10] 尹川,杜向东,赵汝敏,等.小波分频倾角相干在复杂断裂解释中的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(2):346-350.YIN Chuan,DU Xiangdong,ZHAO Rumin,et al.Dip-steering similarity based on wavelet decomposition in complex fault interpretation[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(2):346-350.
[11] Ahmed A,Hameer A,Arsalan S.Enhancement of subtle features in coherence volumes[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2015,34:1707-1710.
[12] Gabriel M,Abdulmohsen A,Bryce H.Display and enhancement of volumetric fault images[J].Interpretation,2016,4(1):SB51-SB61.
[13] 李军,张军华,龚明平,等.基于魔方矩阵的断层检测方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(3):552-557.LI Jun,ZHANG Junhua,GONG Mingping,et al.Fault detection based on magic matrix[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(3):552-557.
[14] 王清振,张金淼,姜秀娣,等.利用梯度结构张量检测盐丘与断层[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):826-831.WANG Qingzhen,ZHANG Jinmiao,JIANG Xiudi,et al.Salt dome and fault detection based on the gradient-structure-tensor[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2018,53(4):826-831.
[15] Marfurt K J.Robust estimates of 3D reflector dip and azimuth[J].Geophysics,2006,71(4):29-40.
[16] Al-Dossary S and Marfurt K J.3-D volumetric multispectral estimates of reflector curvature and rotation[J].Geophysics,2006,71(5):41-51.
[17] 王清振,姜秀娣,翁斌,等.高抗噪性三维体曲率分析技术及其在高陡地层发育区的应用[J].石油物探,2017,56(4):559-566.WANG Qingzhen,JIANG Xiudi,WENG Bin,et al.A 3D curvature attribute analysis method with excellent anti-noise property suitable for high steep formation[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2017,56(4):559-566.
[18] Marfurt K J and Kirlin R L.3-D broadband estimates of reflector dip and amplitude[J].Geophysics,2000,65(1):304-320.
[19] Gao D.Volume texture extraction for 3-D seismic visualization and interpretation[J].Geophysics,2003,68(4):1294-1302.
[20] Hocker C and Fehmers G.Fast structural interpretation with structure-oriented filtering[J]. The Leading Edge,2002,21(3):238-243.
[21] Bakker P L,Vliet J V,Verbeek P W.Edge-preserving orientation adaptive filtering[C].Proceedings of the IEEE-CS Coherence on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,1999,1535-1540.
[22] Luo Y,Al-Dossary S,Alfaraj M.Edge-preserving smoothing and application[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21(2):136-158.
[23] Lawrence P.Seismic attributes in the characterization of small-scale reservoir faults in Abqaiq Field[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17(4):521-525.
[24] Neves F A,Zahrani M S,Bremkamp S W.Detection of potential fractures and small faults using seimic attributes[J].The Leading Edge,2004,23(9):903-906.
[25] Barnes A E.Theory of two-dimensional complex seismic trace analysis[J].Geophysics,1996,61(1):264-272.
[26] Bakker P.Image Structure Analysis for Seismic interpretation[D].Delft University of Technology,2003.
[27] 隋京坤,郑晓东,李艳东,等.一种精确消除倾斜地层对相干值影响的方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(4):691-698.SUI Jingkun,ZHENG Xiaodong,LI Yandong,et al.A precise algorithm to eliminate effects of slope on seismic coherence[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(4):691-698.