基于“3414”的三七氮磷钾施肥量研究
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摘要
通过研究氮磷钾肥对三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H. Chen]产量及主要有效成分产量的影响,为三七种植生产推荐合理的施肥量,试验采用"3414"随机区组设计,进行连续2年的田间小区试验,测定三七植株农艺性状、产量、总皂苷产量等指标,通过肥料效应函数方程拟合氮磷钾施肥量。结果表明,施肥不同程度促进了三七株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽等农艺性状,且以适当施氮和磷的效果为最佳;二年七(二年生三七)对钾的依赖性较氮磷强,而三年七(三年生三七)对氮的依赖性最强;施氮能显著提高三七单位面积总皂苷产量,在低氮水平即可获得最高总皂苷产量,而磷、钾肥对皂苷含量及总皂苷产量的影响不明显;氮磷钾对三七产量的影响有互作效应,低磷、中钾水平利于氮肥肥效发挥,低氮、中钾水平利于磷肥肥效发挥,而低氮、中磷水平利于钾肥肥效发挥。根据三七总皂苷产量的三元二次回归方程,最大化三七总皂苷产量的施肥量:二年七为N 157～164 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 179～187 kg·hm~(-2)、K2O337～356 kg·hm~(-2);三年七为N 192～200 kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5 179～187 kg·hm~(-2),K2O 412～435 kg·hm~(-2)。因此,分别针对二年七和三年七,适当控制施氮量和施钾量,增加施磷量,将三者进行合理配比,对提高单位面积三七总皂苷产量有重要意义。
To recommend reasonable fertilizer application amount, effects of N, P and K levels on yield and output of main components of Panax notoginseng were researched in this study. Agronomic properties, yield and saponins output were measured in field plot experiments in 2 successive years with "3414" design. Application amount of N, P and K was simulated using fertilizer effect function equation. The results showed that fertilization at different degrees promoted the growth of agronomic characters as plant height, stem diameter, leaf size when the best promotion effect occurred with proper nitrogen and phosphorus application. Growth of two-year-old Panax notoginseng was more dependent on the phosphorus and potassium than nitrogen while the three-year-old was most dependent on nitrogen; N application improved significantly the total saponin output per unit area with the highest total saponin output in low nitrogen level. However, the effects of phosphorus and potassium application on saponin content and saponins output were not obvious. Effect of N,P and K on yield ofNotoginseng was interactive. A combination low P and medium K was beneficial to N efficiency, and low N and medium K was to P efficiency, while K efficiency maximized in low nitrogen and medium phosphorus level. According to ternary quadratic regression equation of total saponins output of Panax Notoginseng, suitable fertilization rate was N 157～164 kg·hm-2, P_2O_5 179～187 kg·hm~(-2) and K_2O 337～356 kg·hm~(-2) for 2-year-old Panax notoginseng, and N 192～200 kg·hm~(-2), P_2O_5 179～187 kg·hm~(-2), K_2O 412～435 kg·hm~(-2) for 3-year-old Panax notoginseng when the total output of total saponins was maximized. Therefore, aiming at 2 and 3-year-old Notoginseng, properly controlling application amount of nitrogen and potassium and increasing amount of phosphorus with reasonable proportion, three is of great significance to increase the total saponin yield.
To recommend reasonable fertilizer application amount, effects of N, P and K levels on yield and output of main components of Panax notoginseng were researched in this study. Agronomic properties, yield and saponins output were measured in field plot experiments in 2 successive years with "3414" design. Application amount of N, P and K was simulated using fertilizer effect function equation. The results showed that fertilization at different degrees promoted the growth of agronomic characters as plant height, stem diameter, leaf size when the best promotion effect occurred with proper nitrogen and phosphorus application. Growth of two-year-old Panax notoginseng was more dependent on the phosphorus and potassium than nitrogen while the three-year-old was most dependent on nitrogen; N application improved significantly the total saponin output per unit area with the highest total saponin output in low nitrogen level. However, the effects of phosphorus and potassium application on saponin content and saponins output were not obvious. Effect of N,P and K on yield ofNotoginseng was interactive. A combination low P and medium K was beneficial to N efficiency, and low N and medium K was to P efficiency, while K efficiency maximized in low nitrogen and medium phosphorus level. According to ternary quadratic regression equation of total saponins output of Panax Notoginseng, suitable fertilization rate was N 157～164 kg·hm-2, P_2O_5 179～187 kg·hm~(-2) and K_2O 337～356 kg·hm~(-2) for 2-year-old Panax notoginseng, and N 192～200 kg·hm~(-2), P_2O_5 179～187 kg·hm~(-2), K_2O 412～435 kg·hm~(-2) for 3-year-old Panax notoginseng when the total output of total saponins was maximized. Therefore, aiming at 2 and 3-year-old Notoginseng, properly controlling application amount of nitrogen and potassium and increasing amount of phosphorus with reasonable proportion, three is of great significance to increase the total saponin yield.
引文
[1]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(2015年版一部)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社, 2015.Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People′s Republic of China(VolumeⅠ2015 Edition)[M]. Beijing:China Medical Science press, 2015.
[2]Guo H B, CUI X M, An N, et al. Sanchi ginseng(Panax notoginseng(Burkill)F. H. Chen)in China:Distribution, cultivation and variations[J]. Genet Resour Crop Evol, 2010, 57(3):453-460.
[3]金燕清,王秋玲,侯俊玲,等.氮磷钾配施对甘草生物量和活性成分的影响[J].中国现代中药, 2016, 18(7):881-887.JIN Yan-qing, WANG Qiu-ling, HOU Jun-ling, et al. Effects of combined application of N, P and K on biomass and active conponents of licorice[J]. Mod Chin Med, 2016, 18(7):881-887.
[4]王朝梁,陈中坚,孙玉琴,等.不同氮磷钾配比施肥对三七生长及产量的影响[J].现代中药研究与实践, 2007, 21(1):5-7.WANG Chao-liang, CHEN Zhong-jian, SUN Yu-qin, et al. Effect of different proportion fertilizing on the growth and yield of Panax notoinseng[J]. Research and Practice of Chinese Medicines, 2007, 21(1):5-7.
[5]宋希梅.三七施肥效应分析与专用肥肥效评价[D].昆明:云南农业大学, 2017.SONG Xi-mei. Analysis of fertilization effect of Panax notoginseng and fertilizer efficiency evaluation of special fertilizer[D]. Kunming:Yunnan Agricultural University, 2017.
[6]韦美丽,孙玉琴,黄天卫,等.不同施氮水平对三七生长及皂苷含量的影响[J].现代中药研究与实践, 2008, 22(1):17-20.WEI Mei-li, SUN Yu-qin, HUANG Tian-wei, et al. Effects on the growth and the contents of saponin with different level of nitrogen applied in Panax notoginseng[J]. Research and Practice of Chinese Medicines, 2008, 22(1):17-20.
[7]王朝梁,韦美丽,孙玉琴,等.三七施用磷肥效应研究[J].人参研究,2008(2):29-30.WANG Chao-liang, WEI Mei-li, SUN Yu-qin, et al. Study on the phosphorus fertilizer effect of Panax notoginseng[J]. Research of Ginseng,2008(2):29-30.
[8]张良彪,孙玉琴,韦美丽,等.钾素供应水平对三七生长发育及产量的影响[J].特产研究, 2008(4):46-48.ZHANG Liang-biao, SUN Yu-qin, WEI Mei-li, et al. Effects of potassium supplement level on the growth and yield of Panax notoginseng[J].Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research, 2008(4):46-48.
[9]Xia P G, Guo H B, Zhao H G, et al. Optimal fertilizer application for Panax notoginseng and effect of soil water on root rot disease and saponin contents[J]. Journal of Ginseng Research, 2016, 40(1):38-46.
[10]欧小宏,金航,郭兰萍,等.三七营养生理与施肥的研究现状与展望[J].中国中药杂志, 2011, 36(19):2620-2624.OU Xiao-hong, JIN Hang, GUO Lan-ping, et al. Status and prospective on nutritional physiology and fertilization of Panax notoginseng[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2011, 36(19):2620-2624.
[11]王渭玲,梁宗锁,孙群,等.不同氮磷施用量对丹参产量及有效成分的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2005, 21(3):218-221.WANG Wei-ling, LIANG Zong-suo, SUN Qun, et al. N, P fertilization recommendation of Danshen by quadratic best design[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2005, 21(3):218-221.
[12]王渭玲,王振,徐福利.氮、磷、钾对膜荚黄芪生长发育及有效成分的影响[J].中国中药杂志, 2008, 33(15):1802-1806.WANG Wei-ling, WANG Zhen, XU Fu-li. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application on growth and active ingredient of ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2008, 33(15):1802-1806.
[13]赵峥,龚苏,段承俐,等.氮、磷、钾对灯盏花生长发育及光合色素含量的影响[J].云南农业大学学报, 2006, 20(5):676-679.ZHAO Zheng, GONG Su, DUAN Cheng-li, et al. Effects of different N, P and K levels on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Erigeron breviscapus[J]. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2006, 20(5):676-679.
[14]陈新平,张福锁.通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系[J].中国农技推广, 2006, 22(4):36-39.CHEN Xin-ping, ZHANG Fu-suo. The soil testing and fertilizer recommendation index was established by"3414"test[J]. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2006, 22(4):36-39.
[15]王圣瑞,陈新平,高祥照,等.“3414”肥料试验模型拟合的探讨[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2002, 8(4):409-413.WANG Sheng-rui, CHEN Xin-ping, GAO Xiang-zhao, et al. Study on simulation of"3414"fertilizer experiments[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2002, 8(4):409-413.
[16]崔秀明,王朝梁,李伟,等.三七吸收氮、磷、钾动态的分析[J].云南农业科技, 1994(2):9-10.CUI Xiu-ming, WANG Chao-liang, LI Wei, et al. Analysis of absorbs nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium dynamic of Panax notoginseng[J].Yunnan Agricultural Science and Technology, 1994(2):9-10.
[17]苏文华,张光飞,李秀华,等.植物药材次生代谢产物的积累与环境的关系[J].中草药, 2005, 36(9):1415-1418.SU Wen-hua, ZHANG Guang-fei, LI Xiu-hua, et al. Relationship between accumulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plant and environmental condition[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2005, 36(9):1415-1418.
[18]苏文华,张光飞,郭晓荣,等.钾素对药用植物短葶飞蓬生长和有效成分积累的影响[J].植物分类与资源学报, 2011, 33(4):396-402.SU Wen-hua, ZHANG Guang-fei, GUO Xiao-rong, et al. Effects of potassium on the growth and accumulation of active constituents of a medicinal plant Erigeron breviscapus(Asteraceae)[J]. Plant Diversity and Resources, 2011, 33(4):396-402.
[19]巢牡香,叶波平.环境非生物因子对植物次生代谢产物合成的影响[J].药物生物技术, 2013, 20(4):365-368.CHAO Mu-xiang, YE Bo-ping. Influence of environmental abiotic factors on plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis[J]. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2013, 20(4):365-368.
[20]王凌健,方欣,杨长青,等.植物萜类次生代谢及其调控[J].中国科学:生命科学, 2013, 43(12):1030-1046.WANG Ling-jian, FANG Xin, YANG Chang-qing, et al. Biosynthesis and regulation of secondary terpenoid metabolism in plants[J]. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 2013, 43(12):1030-1046.
[21]王伟妮,王亚艺,姚忠清,等.早稻“3414”施肥效果及推荐用量研究[J].湖北农业科学, 2008, 47(12):1268-1271.WANG Wei-ni, WANG Ya-yi, YAO Zhong-qing, et al. Effect of“3414”fertilizer experiment and fertilizer recommendation for earlyseason rice[J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 48(12):1268-1271.
[22]韦美丽,陈中坚,孙玉琴,等. 3年生三七吸肥规律研究[J].特产研究, 2008, 30(1):38-41.WEI Mei-li, CHEN Zhong-jian, SUN Yu-qin, et al. Study on the law of assimilating fertilizer of three-year-old Panax notoginseng(Burk)F. H. Chen[J]. Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,2008, 30(1):38-41.
[23]崔秀明,陈中坚,皮立原.密度及施肥对二年生三七产量的影响[J].中药材, 2000, 23(10):596-598.CUI Xiu-ming, CHEN Zhong-jian, PI Li-yuan. Effect of density and fertilization on the yield of two-year-old Panax notoginseng[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2000, 23(10):596-598.
[2]Guo H B, CUI X M, An N, et al. Sanchi ginseng(Panax notoginseng(Burkill)F. H. Chen)in China:Distribution, cultivation and variations[J]. Genet Resour Crop Evol, 2010, 57(3):453-460.
[3]金燕清,王秋玲,侯俊玲,等.氮磷钾配施对甘草生物量和活性成分的影响[J].中国现代中药, 2016, 18(7):881-887.JIN Yan-qing, WANG Qiu-ling, HOU Jun-ling, et al. Effects of combined application of N, P and K on biomass and active conponents of licorice[J]. Mod Chin Med, 2016, 18(7):881-887.
[4]王朝梁,陈中坚,孙玉琴,等.不同氮磷钾配比施肥对三七生长及产量的影响[J].现代中药研究与实践, 2007, 21(1):5-7.WANG Chao-liang, CHEN Zhong-jian, SUN Yu-qin, et al. Effect of different proportion fertilizing on the growth and yield of Panax notoinseng[J]. Research and Practice of Chinese Medicines, 2007, 21(1):5-7.
[5]宋希梅.三七施肥效应分析与专用肥肥效评价[D].昆明:云南农业大学, 2017.SONG Xi-mei. Analysis of fertilization effect of Panax notoginseng and fertilizer efficiency evaluation of special fertilizer[D]. Kunming:Yunnan Agricultural University, 2017.
[6]韦美丽,孙玉琴,黄天卫,等.不同施氮水平对三七生长及皂苷含量的影响[J].现代中药研究与实践, 2008, 22(1):17-20.WEI Mei-li, SUN Yu-qin, HUANG Tian-wei, et al. Effects on the growth and the contents of saponin with different level of nitrogen applied in Panax notoginseng[J]. Research and Practice of Chinese Medicines, 2008, 22(1):17-20.
[7]王朝梁,韦美丽,孙玉琴,等.三七施用磷肥效应研究[J].人参研究,2008(2):29-30.WANG Chao-liang, WEI Mei-li, SUN Yu-qin, et al. Study on the phosphorus fertilizer effect of Panax notoginseng[J]. Research of Ginseng,2008(2):29-30.
[8]张良彪,孙玉琴,韦美丽,等.钾素供应水平对三七生长发育及产量的影响[J].特产研究, 2008(4):46-48.ZHANG Liang-biao, SUN Yu-qin, WEI Mei-li, et al. Effects of potassium supplement level on the growth and yield of Panax notoginseng[J].Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research, 2008(4):46-48.
[9]Xia P G, Guo H B, Zhao H G, et al. Optimal fertilizer application for Panax notoginseng and effect of soil water on root rot disease and saponin contents[J]. Journal of Ginseng Research, 2016, 40(1):38-46.
[10]欧小宏,金航,郭兰萍,等.三七营养生理与施肥的研究现状与展望[J].中国中药杂志, 2011, 36(19):2620-2624.OU Xiao-hong, JIN Hang, GUO Lan-ping, et al. Status and prospective on nutritional physiology and fertilization of Panax notoginseng[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2011, 36(19):2620-2624.
[11]王渭玲,梁宗锁,孙群,等.不同氮磷施用量对丹参产量及有效成分的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2005, 21(3):218-221.WANG Wei-ling, LIANG Zong-suo, SUN Qun, et al. N, P fertilization recommendation of Danshen by quadratic best design[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2005, 21(3):218-221.
[12]王渭玲,王振,徐福利.氮、磷、钾对膜荚黄芪生长发育及有效成分的影响[J].中国中药杂志, 2008, 33(15):1802-1806.WANG Wei-ling, WANG Zhen, XU Fu-li. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application on growth and active ingredient of ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2008, 33(15):1802-1806.
[13]赵峥,龚苏,段承俐,等.氮、磷、钾对灯盏花生长发育及光合色素含量的影响[J].云南农业大学学报, 2006, 20(5):676-679.ZHAO Zheng, GONG Su, DUAN Cheng-li, et al. Effects of different N, P and K levels on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Erigeron breviscapus[J]. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2006, 20(5):676-679.
[14]陈新平,张福锁.通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系[J].中国农技推广, 2006, 22(4):36-39.CHEN Xin-ping, ZHANG Fu-suo. The soil testing and fertilizer recommendation index was established by"3414"test[J]. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2006, 22(4):36-39.
[15]王圣瑞,陈新平,高祥照,等.“3414”肥料试验模型拟合的探讨[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2002, 8(4):409-413.WANG Sheng-rui, CHEN Xin-ping, GAO Xiang-zhao, et al. Study on simulation of"3414"fertilizer experiments[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2002, 8(4):409-413.
[16]崔秀明,王朝梁,李伟,等.三七吸收氮、磷、钾动态的分析[J].云南农业科技, 1994(2):9-10.CUI Xiu-ming, WANG Chao-liang, LI Wei, et al. Analysis of absorbs nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium dynamic of Panax notoginseng[J].Yunnan Agricultural Science and Technology, 1994(2):9-10.
[17]苏文华,张光飞,李秀华,等.植物药材次生代谢产物的积累与环境的关系[J].中草药, 2005, 36(9):1415-1418.SU Wen-hua, ZHANG Guang-fei, LI Xiu-hua, et al. Relationship between accumulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plant and environmental condition[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs,2005, 36(9):1415-1418.
[18]苏文华,张光飞,郭晓荣,等.钾素对药用植物短葶飞蓬生长和有效成分积累的影响[J].植物分类与资源学报, 2011, 33(4):396-402.SU Wen-hua, ZHANG Guang-fei, GUO Xiao-rong, et al. Effects of potassium on the growth and accumulation of active constituents of a medicinal plant Erigeron breviscapus(Asteraceae)[J]. Plant Diversity and Resources, 2011, 33(4):396-402.
[19]巢牡香,叶波平.环境非生物因子对植物次生代谢产物合成的影响[J].药物生物技术, 2013, 20(4):365-368.CHAO Mu-xiang, YE Bo-ping. Influence of environmental abiotic factors on plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis[J]. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2013, 20(4):365-368.
[20]王凌健,方欣,杨长青,等.植物萜类次生代谢及其调控[J].中国科学:生命科学, 2013, 43(12):1030-1046.WANG Ling-jian, FANG Xin, YANG Chang-qing, et al. Biosynthesis and regulation of secondary terpenoid metabolism in plants[J]. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 2013, 43(12):1030-1046.
[21]王伟妮,王亚艺,姚忠清,等.早稻“3414”施肥效果及推荐用量研究[J].湖北农业科学, 2008, 47(12):1268-1271.WANG Wei-ni, WANG Ya-yi, YAO Zhong-qing, et al. Effect of“3414”fertilizer experiment and fertilizer recommendation for earlyseason rice[J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 48(12):1268-1271.
[22]韦美丽,陈中坚,孙玉琴,等. 3年生三七吸肥规律研究[J].特产研究, 2008, 30(1):38-41.WEI Mei-li, CHEN Zhong-jian, SUN Yu-qin, et al. Study on the law of assimilating fertilizer of three-year-old Panax notoginseng(Burk)F. H. Chen[J]. Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,2008, 30(1):38-41.
[23]崔秀明,陈中坚,皮立原.密度及施肥对二年生三七产量的影响[J].中药材, 2000, 23(10):596-598.CUI Xiu-ming, CHEN Zhong-jian, PI Li-yuan. Effect of density and fertilization on the yield of two-year-old Panax notoginseng[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2000, 23(10):596-598.