分类词的统一描写框架
|
摘要
印欧语的性范畴是常见的名词性范畴之一。当代类型学已经将其与名词类以及分类词现象联系起来,合称为名词分类系统。前人的研究中,大多将性与名词类归为一类,通过一致关系的标准将其与分类词划开;而目前的新趋势是将三者统一,但尚无满意的统一描写框架。本文提出一种新的一致关系定义,并基于此作为名词分类系统的定义性特征,原先使用一致关系来区分的性/名词类和分类词的关系可以用一个参数融合度来区分。基于新提出的参数法描写框架,三种名词分类系统被放在一个统一的空间中得到了一个很好的描述。最后,本文还讨论了名分类词的地位、上位概念的术语取舍,并比较了词表法和库藏法两种描写方法的好坏。
Gender in Indo-European languages is a common nominal category. Contemporary typology has relat-ed it with noun class and classifiers, under the name of nominal classification system. In previous studies,most researchers view gender and noun class as a group and separate it from classifiers through the criterion of agree-ment. The latest trend is to combine all the three, while no satisfactory descriptive framework has been proposed. This paper develops a new definition of agreement, and definesnominal classification system as a whole based on that. The difference between gender/noun class and classifier which was previously given by agreement is now seen from a parameter called degree of fusion. Through the new parameter-based approach to nominal classi-fication system, all the three subcategories are unified in one descriptive space. Finally, the status of so-called noun classifier, and the terminology of the superior concept are discussed. The pros and cons of paradigmatic and inventorical descriptive methods are also compared.
Gender in Indo-European languages is a common nominal category. Contemporary typology has relat-ed it with noun class and classifiers, under the name of nominal classification system. In previous studies,most researchers view gender and noun class as a group and separate it from classifiers through the criterion of agree-ment. The latest trend is to combine all the three, while no satisfactory descriptive framework has been proposed. This paper develops a new definition of agreement, and definesnominal classification system as a whole based on that. The difference between gender/noun class and classifier which was previously given by agreement is now seen from a parameter called degree of fusion. Through the new parameter-based approach to nominal classi-fication system, all the three subcategories are unified in one descriptive space. Finally, the status of so-called noun classifier, and the terminology of the superior concept are discussed. The pros and cons of paradigmatic and inventorical descriptive methods are also compared.
引文
[1]叶蜚声,徐通锵.语言学纲要[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1997.
[2]胡壮麟,主编.语言学教程(第三版中文本)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[3]陆丙甫,金立鑫,编.语言类型学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2015.
[4] Whaley L J. Introduction to Typology:The unity and diversityoflanguage[M].ThousandOaks:SagePublications, 1997.
[5] Yule G. The Study of Language[M]. 4th edition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[6] Corbett G G. Gender[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[7] Aikhenvald A Y. Classifiers:A typology of noun categorizationdevices[M].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2000.
[8] Corbett G G,Fedden S. Canonical gender[J]. Journal of Linguistics, 2016, 52(3):495—531.
[9] Nichols J. What, if anything, is typology?[J]. Linguistic Typology, 2007, 11(1):259—264.
[10] Aikhenvald A Y. Nominal classification:Towards a comprehensive typolog[J]. STUF, 2004, 57(2/3):105—116.
[11] Kilarski M. Nominal Classification:A history of its study fromtheclassicalperiodtothepresent[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013.
[12] Dixon R M W. Nominal classification[M]//Dixon R M W.WherehaveAlltheAdjectivesGone?Andotheressays insemanticsandsyntax.Berlin:WalterdeGruyter,1982:157—233.
[13] Dixon R M W. Noun classes[J]. Lingua, 1968, 21:104—125.
[14] Dixon R M W. Basic Linguistic Theory:Vol. 1 Methodology[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2010.
[15] Payne T E. Describing Morphosyntax:A guide for field linguists[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[16]刘丹青,语法调查研究手册[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2008.
[17]朱晓农.方法:语言学的灵魂[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
[18] Mpiranya F. Swahili Grammar and Workbook[M]. London and New York:Routledge, 2014.
[19] Croft W. Radical Construction Grammar[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2001.
[20] Corbett G G. Agreement[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[21] Jackendoff R. Foundations of Language:Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2002.
[22] McGregor W B. Verb Classification in Australian Languages[M].Berlin&NewYork:MoutondeGruyter,2002.
[23] Greenberg J H. A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language[J]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1960, 26(3):178—184.
[24] Aikhenvald A Y. Typological distinctions in word-formation[M]//Shopen T. Language Typology and Syntactic Description:Volume III Grammatical categories and thelexicon.2ndedition.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press, 2007.
[25] Timberlake A. A Reference Grammar of Russian[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[26]覃凤余.壮语分类词的类型学性质[J].中国语文,2015, 64(6):513—522.
[27] Kapust W H. Universality in noun classification[D].San Jose:San Jose State University, 1998.
[28] Grinevald C. A morphosyntactic typology of classifiers[M]//Senft G. Systems of Nominal Classification. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000:50—92.
(1)本文中的例句缩略语参照莱比锡标注规则(Leipzig Glossing Rules)。
(1)PROX即近指(proximal)。
(1)本文中汉语普通话、法语、英语、吴语上海话的例子基于作者自己的语言知识,俄语的数据引用自Timberlak(e2004)[25],斯瓦希里语的情况引用自Mpiranya(2014)[18]。
[2]胡壮麟,主编.语言学教程(第三版中文本)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[3]陆丙甫,金立鑫,编.语言类型学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2015.
[4] Whaley L J. Introduction to Typology:The unity and diversityoflanguage[M].ThousandOaks:SagePublications, 1997.
[5] Yule G. The Study of Language[M]. 4th edition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[6] Corbett G G. Gender[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[7] Aikhenvald A Y. Classifiers:A typology of noun categorizationdevices[M].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2000.
[8] Corbett G G,Fedden S. Canonical gender[J]. Journal of Linguistics, 2016, 52(3):495—531.
[9] Nichols J. What, if anything, is typology?[J]. Linguistic Typology, 2007, 11(1):259—264.
[10] Aikhenvald A Y. Nominal classification:Towards a comprehensive typolog[J]. STUF, 2004, 57(2/3):105—116.
[11] Kilarski M. Nominal Classification:A history of its study fromtheclassicalperiodtothepresent[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013.
[12] Dixon R M W. Nominal classification[M]//Dixon R M W.WherehaveAlltheAdjectivesGone?Andotheressays insemanticsandsyntax.Berlin:WalterdeGruyter,1982:157—233.
[13] Dixon R M W. Noun classes[J]. Lingua, 1968, 21:104—125.
[14] Dixon R M W. Basic Linguistic Theory:Vol. 1 Methodology[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2010.
[15] Payne T E. Describing Morphosyntax:A guide for field linguists[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[16]刘丹青,语法调查研究手册[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2008.
[17]朱晓农.方法:语言学的灵魂[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
[18] Mpiranya F. Swahili Grammar and Workbook[M]. London and New York:Routledge, 2014.
[19] Croft W. Radical Construction Grammar[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2001.
[20] Corbett G G. Agreement[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[21] Jackendoff R. Foundations of Language:Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2002.
[22] McGregor W B. Verb Classification in Australian Languages[M].Berlin&NewYork:MoutondeGruyter,2002.
[23] Greenberg J H. A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language[J]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1960, 26(3):178—184.
[24] Aikhenvald A Y. Typological distinctions in word-formation[M]//Shopen T. Language Typology and Syntactic Description:Volume III Grammatical categories and thelexicon.2ndedition.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press, 2007.
[25] Timberlake A. A Reference Grammar of Russian[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[26]覃凤余.壮语分类词的类型学性质[J].中国语文,2015, 64(6):513—522.
[27] Kapust W H. Universality in noun classification[D].San Jose:San Jose State University, 1998.
[28] Grinevald C. A morphosyntactic typology of classifiers[M]//Senft G. Systems of Nominal Classification. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000:50—92.
(1)本文中的例句缩略语参照莱比锡标注规则(Leipzig Glossing Rules)。
(1)PROX即近指(proximal)。
(1)本文中汉语普通话、法语、英语、吴语上海话的例子基于作者自己的语言知识,俄语的数据引用自Timberlak(e2004)[25],斯瓦希里语的情况引用自Mpiranya(2014)[18]。