基于AHFO技术的毛细水运移模型验证试验研究
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摘要
为了验证常用的描述毛细水运移模型的准确性,设计了室内模型试验,采用主动加热光纤法(简称AHFO)对砂土模型中的毛细水运移进行了测试。根据测试结果,分析了毛细水入渗模型Green-Ampt模型、Terzaghi毛细水上升模型和毛细水最大上升高度预测模型Lane模型、Peck模型的特点和预测精度。试验分析结果表明:对于砂性土,毛细水上升过程可以分为两个阶段,第一阶段(约前50 h),Green-Ampt模型和Terzaghi毛细水上升模型预测的毛细水上升高度值均低于实测值,Terzaghi模型拟合精度高于Green-Ampt模型;第二阶段(约50h后),Green-Ampt模型和Terzaghi模型预测值均高于实测值,且Green-Ampt模型拟合精度高于Terzaghi模型。这两个模型预测精度随时间的变化现象是与其所用的假设条件和土体物理性质变化有关。Peck模型的误差低于Lane模型,为2.60 cm,而Lane模型由于只考虑了有效粒径D10,误差高达8.58 cm。利用Green-Ampt模型可反演土的饱和渗透系数与湿润锋处基质吸力。研究成果为常用毛细水运移模型选择和误差分析提供了实测依据。
In order to verify the accuracy of commonly used capillary water transport models,several laboratory model tests are carried out based on the active heated fiber optic method(AHFO).During these tests,the soil moisture profiles determined by capillary force are measured using AHFO.Based on the experimental results,the characteristics and prediction accuracy of Green-Ampt and Terzaghi models are analyzed,so as to describe the moving rate of capillary water.In addition,the Lane and Peck models that predict the maximum capillary heights are evaluated as well.The results indicate that for sand,the capillary water rise process can be divided into two stages.During the first stage(first elapsed 50 hours),the predicted capillary water heights by the Green-Ampt and Terzaghi models are lower than the measured values collected by AHFO,and the accuracy of Terzaghi model is higher than that of the Green-Ampt model.During the second stage(after 50 hours),the predicted values are higher than the actual measured ones,and the Green-Ampt model has a higher accuracy.This accuracy change with time depends on model assumptions and physical properties of soils.The results also suggest that the error of the Peck model(2.60 cm) is lower than that of the Lane model(8.58 cm).The saturated hydrologic conductivity of the soils and the matric suction at the wetting front can be calculated by the Green-Ampt model.These discoveries provide basic data for selecting effective and high-precision models to reflect capillary rise in soils.
In order to verify the accuracy of commonly used capillary water transport models,several laboratory model tests are carried out based on the active heated fiber optic method(AHFO).During these tests,the soil moisture profiles determined by capillary force are measured using AHFO.Based on the experimental results,the characteristics and prediction accuracy of Green-Ampt and Terzaghi models are analyzed,so as to describe the moving rate of capillary water.In addition,the Lane and Peck models that predict the maximum capillary heights are evaluated as well.The results indicate that for sand,the capillary water rise process can be divided into two stages.During the first stage(first elapsed 50 hours),the predicted capillary water heights by the Green-Ampt and Terzaghi models are lower than the measured values collected by AHFO,and the accuracy of Terzaghi model is higher than that of the Green-Ampt model.During the second stage(after 50 hours),the predicted values are higher than the actual measured ones,and the Green-Ampt model has a higher accuracy.This accuracy change with time depends on model assumptions and physical properties of soils.The results also suggest that the error of the Peck model(2.60 cm) is lower than that of the Lane model(8.58 cm).The saturated hydrologic conductivity of the soils and the matric suction at the wetting front can be calculated by the Green-Ampt model.These discoveries provide basic data for selecting effective and high-precision models to reflect capillary rise in soils.
引文
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[19]YIN Z,LEI T,YAN Q,et al.A near-infrared reflectance sensor for soil surface moisture measurement[J].Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2013,99:101-107.
[20]SAYDE C,GREGORY C,GIL-RODRIGUEZ M,et al.Feasibility of soil moisture monitoring with heated fiber optics[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(6):2840-2849.
[21]CAO D,SHI B,ZHU H,et al.A distributed measurement method for in-situ soil moisture content by using carbon-fiber heated cable[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2015,7(6):700-707.
[22]曹鼎峰,施斌,顾凯,等.土的含水率AHFO法测量中分段函数模型建立[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(6):41-47.(CAO Ding-feng,SHI Bin,GU Kai,et al.Establishment of the piecewise function model in the process of soil moisture monitoring with the AHFO method[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2016,43(6):41-47.(in Chinese))
[23]STRIEGL A M.Heated distributed temperature sensing for field scale soil moisture monitoring[J].Ground Water,2012,50(3):340-347.
[24]曹鼎峰.土壤含水率分布式光纤测量试验研究[D].南京:南京大学,2014.(CAO Ding-feng.Experimental study on distributed optical fiber measurement of soil moisture content[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2014.(in Chinese))
[25]陈赟,陈伟,陈仁朋,等.TDR联合监测土体含水量和干密度的传感器的设计及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(2):418-426.(CHEN Yun,CHEN Wei,CHENRen-peng,et al.Design and application of sensors for joint monitoring of soil water content and dry density by TDR[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(2):418-426.(in Chinese))
[26]严珺凡.基于分布式光纤感测技术的土质边坡稳定性模型试验研究[D].南京:南京大学,2012.(YAN Jun-fan.Model test study on soil slope stability based on distributed optical fiber sensing technology[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2012.(in Chinese))
[27]梅世嘉.土中水分迁移AHFO监测方法及其应用研究[D].南京:南京大学,2018.(MEI Shi-jia.Study on monitoring method and application of moisture transfer AHFO in soil[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2018.(in Chinese))
[28]MAO L L,LI Y Z,HAO W P,et al.A new method to estimate soil water infiltration based on a modified Green-Ampt model[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,31(7):31-37.
[29]KENNEY T C,CHAHAL R,CHIU E,et al.Controlling constriction sizes of granular filters:reply[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1985,22(1):32-43.
[30]TO H D,SCHEUERMANN A,GALINDO-TORRES S A.Probability of transportation of loose particles in suffusion assessment by self-filtration criteria[J].Journal of Geotechnical&Geoenvironmental Engineering,2016,142(2):04015078.
[31]PREVEDELLO C L,LOYOLA J M T,REICHARDT K,et al.New analytic solution related to the Richards,Philip,and Green-Ampt equations for infiltration.[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2009,8(1):127-135.
[32]付志文,武海英.土中毛细水运移阶段理论研究[J].工程与建设,2013(6):749-751.(FU Zhi-wen,WU Hai-ying.Theoretical study on the movement stage of capillary water in soil[J].Engineering and construction,2013(6):749-751.(in Chinese))
[2]马东豪,张佳宝,黄平.确定Brooks-Corey土壤水力特性模型参数的垂直入渗方法[J].水科学进展,2011,22(2):235-241.(MA Dong-hao,ZHANG Jia-bao,HUANG Ping.Determination of Brooks-Corey soil hydraulic parameters through vertical infiltration experiments[J].Advances in Water Science,2011,22(2):235-241.(in Chinese))
[3]LIANG X,LIAKOS V,WENDROTH O,et al.Scheduling irrigation using an approach based on the van Genuchten model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,176:170-179.
[4]SOURBEER J J,LOHEIDE S P.Obstacles to long term soil moisture monitoring with heated distributed temperature sensing[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(7):1017-1035.
[5]YAKIMOV N D,KACIMOV A R.Darcian flow under/through a leaky cutoff wall:Terzaghi-Anderson's seepage problem revisited[J].International Journal for Numerical&Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2017,41(9):1182-1195.
[6]LAGO M,ARAUJO M.Capillary rise in porous media[J].Journal of Colloid&Interface Science,2001,234(1):35.
[7]LU N,GODT J.Hillslope hydrology and stability[M].London:Cambridge University Press,2013:90-91.
[8]LANE K S,WASHBURN S E.Capillary tests by capillarimeters and by soil filled tubes[J].Highway Research Board Proceedings,1947,26.
[9]PECK R B.Foundation engineering[M].2nd ed.New York:Wiley,1974.
[10]NIU Q,FRATTA D,WANG Y H.The use of electrical conductivity measurements in the prediction of hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,522:475-487.
[11]BARBOUR S L,HENDRY M J,CAREY S K.Highresolution profiling of the stable isotopes of water in unsaturated coal waste rock[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,534:616-629.
[12]SUSHA L S U,SINGH D N,BAGHINI M S.A critical review of soil moisture measurement[J].Measurement,2014,54(8):92-105.
[13]DOBRIYAL P,QURESHI A,BADOLA R,et al.A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,458/459(3):110-117.
[14]张志军,李亚俊,贺桂成,等.某尾矿坝毛细水带内的坝体材料物理力学特性研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(6):1561-1568.(ZHANG Zhi-jun,LI Ya-jun,HE Gui-cheng,et al.Study of physico-mechanical properties of dam body materials in capillary water fringe of a certain tailings dam[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(6):1561-1568.(in Chinese))
[15]SCHROTT L,SASS O.Application of field geophysics in geomorphology:advances and limitations exemplified by case studies[J].Geomorphology,2008,93(1/2):55-73.
[16]DOBRIYAL P,QURESHI A,BADOLA R,et al.A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,458/459(3):110-117.
[17]SUSHA L S U,SINGH D N,BAGHINI M S.A critical review of soil moisture measurement[J].Measurement,2014,54(8):92-105.
[18]陶士珩,王立祥,胡希远,等.土壤含水率测定的误差分析及控制[J].干旱地区农业研究,1997(2):87-91.(TAOShi-heng,WANG Li-xiang,HU Xi-yuan,et al.Analysis and control of Errors in soil water content rate determination[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1997(2):87-91.(in Chinese))
[19]YIN Z,LEI T,YAN Q,et al.A near-infrared reflectance sensor for soil surface moisture measurement[J].Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2013,99:101-107.
[20]SAYDE C,GREGORY C,GIL-RODRIGUEZ M,et al.Feasibility of soil moisture monitoring with heated fiber optics[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(6):2840-2849.
[21]CAO D,SHI B,ZHU H,et al.A distributed measurement method for in-situ soil moisture content by using carbon-fiber heated cable[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2015,7(6):700-707.
[22]曹鼎峰,施斌,顾凯,等.土的含水率AHFO法测量中分段函数模型建立[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(6):41-47.(CAO Ding-feng,SHI Bin,GU Kai,et al.Establishment of the piecewise function model in the process of soil moisture monitoring with the AHFO method[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2016,43(6):41-47.(in Chinese))
[23]STRIEGL A M.Heated distributed temperature sensing for field scale soil moisture monitoring[J].Ground Water,2012,50(3):340-347.
[24]曹鼎峰.土壤含水率分布式光纤测量试验研究[D].南京:南京大学,2014.(CAO Ding-feng.Experimental study on distributed optical fiber measurement of soil moisture content[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2014.(in Chinese))
[25]陈赟,陈伟,陈仁朋,等.TDR联合监测土体含水量和干密度的传感器的设计及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(2):418-426.(CHEN Yun,CHEN Wei,CHENRen-peng,et al.Design and application of sensors for joint monitoring of soil water content and dry density by TDR[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(2):418-426.(in Chinese))
[26]严珺凡.基于分布式光纤感测技术的土质边坡稳定性模型试验研究[D].南京:南京大学,2012.(YAN Jun-fan.Model test study on soil slope stability based on distributed optical fiber sensing technology[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2012.(in Chinese))
[27]梅世嘉.土中水分迁移AHFO监测方法及其应用研究[D].南京:南京大学,2018.(MEI Shi-jia.Study on monitoring method and application of moisture transfer AHFO in soil[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2018.(in Chinese))
[28]MAO L L,LI Y Z,HAO W P,et al.A new method to estimate soil water infiltration based on a modified Green-Ampt model[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,31(7):31-37.
[29]KENNEY T C,CHAHAL R,CHIU E,et al.Controlling constriction sizes of granular filters:reply[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1985,22(1):32-43.
[30]TO H D,SCHEUERMANN A,GALINDO-TORRES S A.Probability of transportation of loose particles in suffusion assessment by self-filtration criteria[J].Journal of Geotechnical&Geoenvironmental Engineering,2016,142(2):04015078.
[31]PREVEDELLO C L,LOYOLA J M T,REICHARDT K,et al.New analytic solution related to the Richards,Philip,and Green-Ampt equations for infiltration.[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2009,8(1):127-135.
[32]付志文,武海英.土中毛细水运移阶段理论研究[J].工程与建设,2013(6):749-751.(FU Zhi-wen,WU Hai-ying.Theoretical study on the movement stage of capillary water in soil[J].Engineering and construction,2013(6):749-751.(in Chinese))