西辽河平原地下水补给植被的临界埋深
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摘要
许多地区地下水是生态稳定的重要支撑或补充,确定地下水补给地表植被的临界埋深对地下水管理和生态安全至关重要。以西辽河平原为例,主要研究成果如下:①根据地下水补给植被原理划分包气带水分运动结构,描述地下水补给植被的作用机理和物理过程,定义地下水补给植被的临界埋深及相关物理概念。②根据植被根系吸收潜水蒸发的物理机制,地下水面附近由毛管水上升形成的潜水影响层是临界埋深计算的关键。③推导土壤毛管有效孔径计算推理公式,通过构建土壤微结构模型求解推理公式中的孔隙特征参数,解决毛管水最大上升高度的精确计算难题;④结合不同群落植被根系层厚度,形成地下水补给植被的临界埋深计算模型。⑤通过野外调查和观测试验实证,表明计算结果可靠,研究成果在科尔沁草原得到了及时应用。
Groundwater in a many regions is an important support or supplement for ecological stability,the critical depth of recharge of surface vegetation by groundwater is critical to groundwater management and ecological security.Taking the West Liaohe Plain as an example,five results were concluded as follows: ① The moisture movement structure in vadose zone was innovatively demarcated based on recharge of the vegetation by groundwater,and the mechanism and physical process of recharge of the vegetation by groundwater were described,and the critical depth of recharge of the vegetation by groundwater and related physical concepts were defined. ② According to the physical mechanism of absorbing the phreatic evaporation by the root system of the vegetation,the phreatic water affected layer which is formed by the rise of the capillary water is the key to critical depth. ③ The rational formula of the soil effective pore size was deduced,and the porosity parameter was calculated based on crystal structure model of soil particles,which dissolved the precise calculation of the maximum height of capillary water. ④ The calculation model for critical depth of recharge of the vegetation by groundwater was built by thickness of the root system. ⑤ The results were confirmed by massive field surveys. The results of the study were timely applied in the Horqin Grassland.
Groundwater in a many regions is an important support or supplement for ecological stability,the critical depth of recharge of surface vegetation by groundwater is critical to groundwater management and ecological security.Taking the West Liaohe Plain as an example,five results were concluded as follows: ① The moisture movement structure in vadose zone was innovatively demarcated based on recharge of the vegetation by groundwater,and the mechanism and physical process of recharge of the vegetation by groundwater were described,and the critical depth of recharge of the vegetation by groundwater and related physical concepts were defined. ② According to the physical mechanism of absorbing the phreatic evaporation by the root system of the vegetation,the phreatic water affected layer which is formed by the rise of the capillary water is the key to critical depth. ③ The rational formula of the soil effective pore size was deduced,and the porosity parameter was calculated based on crystal structure model of soil particles,which dissolved the precise calculation of the maximum height of capillary water. ④ The calculation model for critical depth of recharge of the vegetation by groundwater was built by thickness of the root system. ⑤ The results were confirmed by massive field surveys. The results of the study were timely applied in the Horqin Grassland.
引文
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[18]张继义,付丹,魏珍珍,等.科尔沁沙地几种乔灌木树种耐受极端土壤水分条件与生存能力野外实地测定[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):467-474.(ZHANG J Y,FU D,WEI Z Z,et al.Determination of the ability of several tree and shrub species to endure and survive extreme aridity with methods of limited areas under field condition in Horqin Sandy Land[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(2):467-474.(in Chinese))
[2]陈敏建.水循环生态效应与区域生态需水类型[J].水利学报,2007,38(3):282-288.(CHEN M J.Ecological effect of water cycling and classification of regional ecological water demand[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007,38(3):282-288.(in Chinese))
[3]MATA-GONZLEZ R,MCLENDON T,MARTIN D W,et al.Vegetation as affected by groundwater depth and microtopography in a shallow aquifer area of the Great Basin[J].Ecohydrology,2012,5:54-63.
[4]ANDREW J E,SARA J M,JOHN F M,et al.Decline in alkali meadow vegetation cover in California:the effects of groundwater extraction and drought[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,43(4):770-779.
[5]BRUNEL J.Sources of water used by natural mesquite vegetation in a semi-arid region of northern Mexico[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2009,54:375-381.
[6]QUEVEDO D I,FRANC'ES F.A conceptual dynamic vegetation-soil model for arid and semiarid zones[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2008,12:1175-1187.
[7]DEKKER S C,RIETKERK M,BIERKENS M F P.Coupling microscale vegetation-soil water and macroscale vegetation-precipitation feedbacks in semiarid ecosystems[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(3):671-678.
[8]陈敏建,张秋霞,马静,等.一种地下水补给植被的临界埋深计算方法:CN104751011A[P].2015-07-01.(CHEN M J,ZHANG Q X,MA J,et al.A method for calculating the critical depth of groundwater recharge vegetation:CN104751011A[P].2015-07-01.(in Chinese))
[9]CZACHOR H.Modelling the effect of pore structure and wetting angles on capillary rise in soils having different wettabilities[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,328:604-613.
[10]GARDNER D,JEFFERSON A,HOFFMAN A.Investigation of capillary flow in discrete cracks in cementitious materials[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2012,42:972-981.
[11]邵明安,王全九,黄明斌.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:23-25.(SHAO M A,WANG Q J,HUANGM B.Soil physics[M].Beijing:China Higher Education Press,2006:23-25.(in Chinese))
[12]闫龙.半干旱区农牧交错带生态格局研究[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2018.(YAN L.Study on the ecological patterns of farming-pastoral zones in semi-arid regions:using the West Liaohe River Plain as an example[D].Beijing:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2018.(in Chinese))
[13]张秋霞.半干旱区生态水文规律与应用研究[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2012.(ZHANG Q X.Study on the ecohydrological mechanism in semi-arid regions of China:taking West Liao River Plain as an example[D].Beijing:China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2012.(in Chinese))
[14]朱克贵,杜国华,章士炎,等.《中国土种志》第一卷[M].北京:农业出版社,1993.(ZHU K G,DU G H,ZHANG SY,et al.Chinese soils:I[M].Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,1993.(in Chinese))
[15]内蒙古自治区土壤普查办公室,内蒙古自治区土壤肥料工作站.内蒙古土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1994:554.(Office of soil survey in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region soil and Fertilizer Station.The soil of Inner Mongolia[M].Beijing:Science Press,1994:554.(in Chinese))
[16]陈世鐄.内蒙古草原植物根系类型[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1987.(CHEN S H.Roots type of grassland plant in Inner Mongolia[M].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House,1987.(in Chinese))
[17]陈世鐄,张昊,王立群,等.中国北方草地植物根系[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,2001.(CHEN S H,ZHANG H,WANG L Q,et al.Roots type of grassland plant in north China[M].Changchun:Jilin University Press,2001.(in Chinese))
[18]张继义,付丹,魏珍珍,等.科尔沁沙地几种乔灌木树种耐受极端土壤水分条件与生存能力野外实地测定[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):467-474.(ZHANG J Y,FU D,WEI Z Z,et al.Determination of the ability of several tree and shrub species to endure and survive extreme aridity with methods of limited areas under field condition in Horqin Sandy Land[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(2):467-474.(in Chinese))