半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地剖面土壤水分环境及影响因子研究
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摘要
为了探讨柠条群落及环境因子与土壤水分动态响应关系,选择半干旱黄土区流域尺度不同地形条件下成熟柠条林作为观测样地,于2009-2011年生长季节(5月上旬至10月下旬),每15 d1次,对0~220 cm剖面土壤水分进行了连续测定,2010年8月测定了0~600 cm土壤水分,2011年9月调查了柠条林群落结构特征。采用SPSS17.0软件的Duncan进行多重比较、EXCEL软件进行分析作图,对各样地剖面土壤水分差异、不同年度生长季节变异、干燥化程度以及其影响因子进行了综合分析。结果表明:浅层土壤水分含量为北坡>东坡>南坡,下坡位高于上坡位,坡度越大土壤含水量越低。由表层至深层,地形因子影响土壤水分作用逐渐减弱,植被因子影响土壤水分作用逐渐增强。在一定区域,柠条群落盖度和高度与深层土壤水分含量呈明显的负相关。人工柠条林加重了入渗层以下的土壤干燥化程度,而且连续干旱会造成入渗层范围的临时性土壤干层,而永久性干层是柠条发育至成熟阶段的过程中,逐渐形成并一直存在的一种现象。研究结论将对进一步从多尺度(年际和季节的时间尺度、水平和垂直的空间尺度)、多因子(气候、土壤、植被、微地形等)综合研究半干旱黄土区人工植被群落及其土壤水分环境动态提供重要参考。
In order to discuss the relationship of dynamic response between community of Caragana korshinskii,environmental factors and soil moisture,the sampling sites were selected on mature forest of Caragana korshinskii under different terrain conditions at scale of watershed in semiarid loess area. Soil moisture in the 0-220 cm soil layers was measured biweekly in each sampling site from the beginning of May to the end of October during2009-2011,and the soil moisture in the 0-600 cm soil layers was measured in August of 2010. The investigation on community structure characteristics of Caragana korshinskii was conducted in September 2011. The multiple comparison and the analyzing-plotting were carried out using SPSS 17.0's Duncan and Excel 2007,the soil moisture differences in different soil layers,variance on season of growth in different years,the degree of desiccation and environmental impact factors have been done a comprehensive analysis. The results showed that:for the shallow layers,the results are as follows:soil moisture content of north slope>one of east slope>one of south slope,and one of below slope position>one of upper slope position,and there is a negative relationship between the slope gradient and soil water content. The sequences of PCSWDI are as follows:for 0-220 cm layers,upper slope position of south slope>middle slope position of south slope>upper slope position of north slope>lower slope position of south slope>lower slope position of east slope>upper slope position of south slope>lower slope position of north slope>middle slope position of east slope;for 220-600 cm layers,middle slope position of east slope>lower slope position of south slope>lower slope position of north slope>middle slope position of north slope>upper slope position of north slope>lower slope position of north slope>upper slope position of east slope>middle slope position of south slope>upper slope position of south slope. From the surface layers to deep layers,the influence of vegetation to the soil moisture content is stronger than that of terrain condition. In a certain community of Caragana korshinskii,a clear negative relationship exists between vegetation growth conditions(coverage and height)and deep soil moisture content. Artificial vegetation increases the degree of soil desiccation,and the continuous drought can lead to temporary dried soil layer. However,a permanent dried soil layer forms gradually from primarily development to mature stage in the succession process and exists all the time. The research on the correlation between soil moisture and community spatial structure of Caragana korshinskii has a certain innovation.
In order to discuss the relationship of dynamic response between community of Caragana korshinskii,environmental factors and soil moisture,the sampling sites were selected on mature forest of Caragana korshinskii under different terrain conditions at scale of watershed in semiarid loess area. Soil moisture in the 0-220 cm soil layers was measured biweekly in each sampling site from the beginning of May to the end of October during2009-2011,and the soil moisture in the 0-600 cm soil layers was measured in August of 2010. The investigation on community structure characteristics of Caragana korshinskii was conducted in September 2011. The multiple comparison and the analyzing-plotting were carried out using SPSS 17.0's Duncan and Excel 2007,the soil moisture differences in different soil layers,variance on season of growth in different years,the degree of desiccation and environmental impact factors have been done a comprehensive analysis. The results showed that:for the shallow layers,the results are as follows:soil moisture content of north slope>one of east slope>one of south slope,and one of below slope position>one of upper slope position,and there is a negative relationship between the slope gradient and soil water content. The sequences of PCSWDI are as follows:for 0-220 cm layers,upper slope position of south slope>middle slope position of south slope>upper slope position of north slope>lower slope position of south slope>lower slope position of east slope>upper slope position of south slope>lower slope position of north slope>middle slope position of east slope;for 220-600 cm layers,middle slope position of east slope>lower slope position of south slope>lower slope position of north slope>middle slope position of north slope>upper slope position of north slope>lower slope position of north slope>upper slope position of east slope>middle slope position of south slope>upper slope position of south slope. From the surface layers to deep layers,the influence of vegetation to the soil moisture content is stronger than that of terrain condition. In a certain community of Caragana korshinskii,a clear negative relationship exists between vegetation growth conditions(coverage and height)and deep soil moisture content. Artificial vegetation increases the degree of soil desiccation,and the continuous drought can lead to temporary dried soil layer. However,a permanent dried soil layer forms gradually from primarily development to mature stage in the succession process and exists all the time. The research on the correlation between soil moisture and community spatial structure of Caragana korshinskii has a certain innovation.
引文
[1]王力,卫三平,吴发启.黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水分环境及植被生长响应——以燕沟流域为例[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1543-1553.[WANG Li,WEI Sanping,WU Faqi.Soil water environment and vegetation growth in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau:a case study of Yangou Catchment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1543-1553.]
[2]胡婵娟,刘国华,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区坡面尺度上不同植被格局下植物群落和土壤性质研究[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(5):95-102.[HU Chanjuan,LIU Guohua CHEN Liding,et al.Vegetation and soil properties under different vegetation patterns along the slope in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(5):95-102.]
[3]张雷明,上官周平.黄土高原土壤水分与植被生产力的关系[J].干旱区地理,2002,19(4):59-63.[ZHANG Leiming,SHANGGUAN Zhouping.Relationship between the soil moisture and the vegetation productivity in the Loess Plateau[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,19(4):59-63.]
[4]陈洪松,邵明安,王克林.黄土区荒草地和裸地土壤水分的循环特征[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(10):1853-1857.[CHEN Hongsong,SHAO Mingan,WANG Kelin.Water cycling characteristics of grassland and bare land soils on Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(10):1853-1857]
[5]李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响[J].生态学报,1983,3(2):91-101.[LI Yushan.The properties ofwater cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the loess region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1983,3(2):91-101.]
[6]王晗生.植被作用下土壤干化的反馈效应及相关问题讨论[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(6):33-39.[WANG Hansheng.Discussion on feedback effect of soil desiccationby vegetation and related issues[J].Progress in Geography,2007,26(6):33-39.]
[7]赵景波,李瑜琴,李艳花,等.陕西兴平与咸阳人工植被土壤含水量研究[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(5):603-608.[ZHAO Jingbo,LI Yuqin,LI Yanhua,et al.Study on soil moisture content under artificial vegetation in Xingping and Xianyang,Shaanxi Province[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(5):603-608.]
[8]李瑜琴,赵景波.蓝田、长安人工林地土层含水量研究[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(4):511-515.[LI Yuqin,ZHAO Jingbo.Soil moisture content under artificial forests in Lantian and Chang’an Regions[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(4):511-515.]
[9]陈宝群,赵景波.黄土高原土壤水分环境评价初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(5):184-189.[CHEN Baoqun,ZHAO Jingbo.Soilmoisture environmental assessment in Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010,24(5):184-189.]
[10]杨磊,卫伟,莫保儒,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区不同人工植被恢复土壤水分的相对亏缺[J].生态学报,2011,31(11):3060-3068.[YANG Lei,WEI Wei,MO Baoru,et al.Soilwater deficit under different artificial vegetation restoration in the semi-arid hilly region of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(11):3060-3068.]
[11]宋春武,蒋进,付恒飞,等.古尔班通古特沙漠人工林土壤水分及其影响因素[J].干旱区地理,2002,32(5):704-710.[SONG Chunwu,JIANG Jin,FU Hengfei,et al.Soil moisture in plantation area and its affecting factors in the Gurbantonggute Desert[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,32(5):704-710.]
[12]蒲金涌,姚小英,马鹏里,等.甘肃黄土高原地表湿润状况时空变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2010,33(4):588-592.[PU Jingyong,YAO Xiaoying,MA Pengli,et al.Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of surface humid conditions over Loess Plateau of Gansu[J].Arid Land Geography,2010,33(4):588-592.]
[13]FAMIGLIETTI J S,RUDNICK J W,RODELL M.Variability insurface moisture content along a hillslope transect:Rattlesnake Hill,Texas[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,210:259-281.
[14]WESTERN A W,GRAYSON R B,BLOSCHL G,et al.Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices[J].Water Resource Research,1999,35:797-810.
[15]QIU Yang,FU Bojie,WANG Jun,et al.Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001a,240:243-263.
[16]QIU Yang,FU Bojie,WANG Jun,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001b,49:723-750.
[17]NG E,MILLER P C.Soil moisture relations in the southern California chaparral[J].Ecology,1980,61:98-107.
[18]王孟本,李洪建.晋西北黄土区人工林土壤水分动态的定量研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(2):178-184.[WANG Mengben,LI Hongjie.Quantative study on the soil wanter dynamics of various forest plantations in the Loess Plateau region in northwestern shanxi[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(2):178-184.]
[19]魏天兴,朱金兆.黄土区人工林地水分供耗特点与林分生产力研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(4):46-52.[WEI Tianxing,ZHU Jinzhao.Feature of water supply and consumption and productivity of stand in Loess Region[J].Journal of soil erosion and soil and water conservation.1999,5(4):46-52.]
[20]李玉山.旱作高产田产量波动性和土壤干燥化[J].土壤学报,2001,38(3):353-356.[LI Yushan.Fluctuation of yield on highyield fieldand desic cation of thesoil on dryland[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2001,38(3):353-356.]
[21]李玉山.苜蓿生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应[J].土壤学报,2002,39(3):404-411.[LI Yushan.Productivity dynamic of alfalfa and its effects on water eco-environment[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(3):404-411.]
[22]杨文治,余存祖.黄土高原区域治理与评价[M].北京:科学出版社,1992:241-297.[YANG Wenzhi,YU Cunzu.Control and evaluation on Loess Plateau region[M].Beijing:Science Press,1992:241-297.]
[23]黄明斌,杨新民,李玉山.黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):7-13.[HUANG Mingbin,YANG Xinming,LI Yushan.Effect of apple base on regional water cycle in Weibei Upland of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(1):7-13.]
[24]李毅,邵明安.雨强对黄土坡面土壤水分入渗及再分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(12):2271-2276.[LI Yi,SHAO Mingan.Effects of rainfall intensity on rainfall infiltration and redistribution in soil on loess slope land[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(12):2271-2276.]
[25]王俊,刘文兆,胡梦.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分时空变异[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1241-1247.[WANG Jun,LIU Wenzhao,HU Meng.Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a small watershed of loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1241-1247.]
[26]史志华,朱华德,陈佳,等.小流域土壤水分空间异质性及其与环境因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(4):889-895.[SHI Zhihua,ZHU Huade,CHEN Jia,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture and its relationships with environmental factors at small catchment level[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology.2012,23(4):889-895.]
[27]杨文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究[J].北京:科学出版社,2000,107-111.[YANG Wenzhi,SHAO Mingan.Studies on soil water in Loess Plateau[J].Beijing:Science Press,2000,107-111.]
[2]胡婵娟,刘国华,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区坡面尺度上不同植被格局下植物群落和土壤性质研究[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(5):95-102.[HU Chanjuan,LIU Guohua CHEN Liding,et al.Vegetation and soil properties under different vegetation patterns along the slope in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(5):95-102.]
[3]张雷明,上官周平.黄土高原土壤水分与植被生产力的关系[J].干旱区地理,2002,19(4):59-63.[ZHANG Leiming,SHANGGUAN Zhouping.Relationship between the soil moisture and the vegetation productivity in the Loess Plateau[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,19(4):59-63.]
[4]陈洪松,邵明安,王克林.黄土区荒草地和裸地土壤水分的循环特征[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(10):1853-1857.[CHEN Hongsong,SHAO Mingan,WANG Kelin.Water cycling characteristics of grassland and bare land soils on Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(10):1853-1857]
[5]李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响[J].生态学报,1983,3(2):91-101.[LI Yushan.The properties ofwater cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the loess region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1983,3(2):91-101.]
[6]王晗生.植被作用下土壤干化的反馈效应及相关问题讨论[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(6):33-39.[WANG Hansheng.Discussion on feedback effect of soil desiccationby vegetation and related issues[J].Progress in Geography,2007,26(6):33-39.]
[7]赵景波,李瑜琴,李艳花,等.陕西兴平与咸阳人工植被土壤含水量研究[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(5):603-608.[ZHAO Jingbo,LI Yuqin,LI Yanhua,et al.Study on soil moisture content under artificial vegetation in Xingping and Xianyang,Shaanxi Province[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(5):603-608.]
[8]李瑜琴,赵景波.蓝田、长安人工林地土层含水量研究[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(4):511-515.[LI Yuqin,ZHAO Jingbo.Soil moisture content under artificial forests in Lantian and Chang’an Regions[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(4):511-515.]
[9]陈宝群,赵景波.黄土高原土壤水分环境评价初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(5):184-189.[CHEN Baoqun,ZHAO Jingbo.Soilmoisture environmental assessment in Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010,24(5):184-189.]
[10]杨磊,卫伟,莫保儒,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区不同人工植被恢复土壤水分的相对亏缺[J].生态学报,2011,31(11):3060-3068.[YANG Lei,WEI Wei,MO Baoru,et al.Soilwater deficit under different artificial vegetation restoration in the semi-arid hilly region of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(11):3060-3068.]
[11]宋春武,蒋进,付恒飞,等.古尔班通古特沙漠人工林土壤水分及其影响因素[J].干旱区地理,2002,32(5):704-710.[SONG Chunwu,JIANG Jin,FU Hengfei,et al.Soil moisture in plantation area and its affecting factors in the Gurbantonggute Desert[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,32(5):704-710.]
[12]蒲金涌,姚小英,马鹏里,等.甘肃黄土高原地表湿润状况时空变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2010,33(4):588-592.[PU Jingyong,YAO Xiaoying,MA Pengli,et al.Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of surface humid conditions over Loess Plateau of Gansu[J].Arid Land Geography,2010,33(4):588-592.]
[13]FAMIGLIETTI J S,RUDNICK J W,RODELL M.Variability insurface moisture content along a hillslope transect:Rattlesnake Hill,Texas[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,210:259-281.
[14]WESTERN A W,GRAYSON R B,BLOSCHL G,et al.Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices[J].Water Resource Research,1999,35:797-810.
[15]QIU Yang,FU Bojie,WANG Jun,et al.Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001a,240:243-263.
[16]QIU Yang,FU Bojie,WANG Jun,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001b,49:723-750.
[17]NG E,MILLER P C.Soil moisture relations in the southern California chaparral[J].Ecology,1980,61:98-107.
[18]王孟本,李洪建.晋西北黄土区人工林土壤水分动态的定量研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(2):178-184.[WANG Mengben,LI Hongjie.Quantative study on the soil wanter dynamics of various forest plantations in the Loess Plateau region in northwestern shanxi[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(2):178-184.]
[19]魏天兴,朱金兆.黄土区人工林地水分供耗特点与林分生产力研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(4):46-52.[WEI Tianxing,ZHU Jinzhao.Feature of water supply and consumption and productivity of stand in Loess Region[J].Journal of soil erosion and soil and water conservation.1999,5(4):46-52.]
[20]李玉山.旱作高产田产量波动性和土壤干燥化[J].土壤学报,2001,38(3):353-356.[LI Yushan.Fluctuation of yield on highyield fieldand desic cation of thesoil on dryland[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2001,38(3):353-356.]
[21]李玉山.苜蓿生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应[J].土壤学报,2002,39(3):404-411.[LI Yushan.Productivity dynamic of alfalfa and its effects on water eco-environment[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(3):404-411.]
[22]杨文治,余存祖.黄土高原区域治理与评价[M].北京:科学出版社,1992:241-297.[YANG Wenzhi,YU Cunzu.Control and evaluation on Loess Plateau region[M].Beijing:Science Press,1992:241-297.]
[23]黄明斌,杨新民,李玉山.黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):7-13.[HUANG Mingbin,YANG Xinming,LI Yushan.Effect of apple base on regional water cycle in Weibei Upland of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(1):7-13.]
[24]李毅,邵明安.雨强对黄土坡面土壤水分入渗及再分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(12):2271-2276.[LI Yi,SHAO Mingan.Effects of rainfall intensity on rainfall infiltration and redistribution in soil on loess slope land[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(12):2271-2276.]
[25]王俊,刘文兆,胡梦.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分时空变异[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1241-1247.[WANG Jun,LIU Wenzhao,HU Meng.Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a small watershed of loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1241-1247.]
[26]史志华,朱华德,陈佳,等.小流域土壤水分空间异质性及其与环境因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(4):889-895.[SHI Zhihua,ZHU Huade,CHEN Jia,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture and its relationships with environmental factors at small catchment level[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology.2012,23(4):889-895.]
[27]杨文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究[J].北京:科学出版社,2000,107-111.[YANG Wenzhi,SHAO Mingan.Studies on soil water in Loess Plateau[J].Beijing:Science Press,2000,107-111.]