清代养济院管理制度运行结构——以安徽养济院为例
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摘要
养济院是明清时期重要的官办社会保障机构,清朝延续前朝传统,在全国大力推行和发展养济院制度,并自上而下建立了一套系统的管理制度和措施。其中,清代安徽省各地广泛建设养济院,然而由于遭受天灾人祸重创,部分机构出现不同程度荒废以及不合理的迁移整合,造成了管理上的极大困难。安徽养济院遵行中央政府制定的管理制度维持运行,救助了不少地方孤苦无依之人,发挥了传统社会保障的积极作用。但是安徽省各地养济院仍然出现了许多贪污舞弊现象,说明这套管理制度仍存在缺陷。
Yangjiyuan was an important official social security institution in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Qing Dynasty continued the tradition of the Qing Dynasty, vigorously pursued and developed the institutions of Yangjiyuan throughout the country, and established a systematic management system and measures from top to bottom. Among them, Yangjiyuan had been widely constructed in various parts of the Anhui province in the Qing Dynasty. However, due to the heavy damage caused by natural and man-made disasters, some institutions had been unreasonably migrated and integrated as well as different degrees of waste, which caused great difficulty in management. In accordance with the management system formulated by the central government, the Anhui Yangjiyuan had maintained the operation, and had rescued a lot of homeless people, and it had played a positive role in the traditional social security. But there were still a lot of corruption and malpractices in the Yangjiyuan of Anhui province, which showed that the management system was still flawed.
Yangjiyuan was an important official social security institution in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Qing Dynasty continued the tradition of the Qing Dynasty, vigorously pursued and developed the institutions of Yangjiyuan throughout the country, and established a systematic management system and measures from top to bottom. Among them, Yangjiyuan had been widely constructed in various parts of the Anhui province in the Qing Dynasty. However, due to the heavy damage caused by natural and man-made disasters, some institutions had been unreasonably migrated and integrated as well as different degrees of waste, which caused great difficulty in management. In accordance with the management system formulated by the central government, the Anhui Yangjiyuan had maintained the operation, and had rescued a lot of homeless people, and it had played a positive role in the traditional social security. But there were still a lot of corruption and malpractices in the Yangjiyuan of Anhui province, which showed that the management system was still flawed.
引文
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(2)乾隆《潜山县志》卷2《民事志·院局》,乾隆四十六年刻本,第36a页。
(3)光绪《广德州志》卷6《公署》,光緒七年刻本,第20b-21a页。
(4)同治《颍上县志》卷2《建置志》,光绪四年刻本,第9b页。
(5)嘉庆《黟县志》卷11《政事志》,同治十年刻本,第46a页。
(6)乾隆《泗州志》卷2《公署》,清抄本。
(7)光绪《泗虹合志》卷2《公署》,光绪十四年刻本,第7a页。
(8)乾隆《钦定户部则例》卷116《蠲恤》,载《故宫珍本丛刊》,海口:海南出版社2000年版,第264页。
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(11)乾隆《钦定户部则例》卷116《蠲恤》,载《故宫珍本丛刊》,海口:海南出版社2000年版,第264页。
(12)(清)冯煦主修;陈师礼总纂《皖政辑要》卷20《养济》,合肥:黄山书社2005年版,第163页。
(13)光绪《钦定大清会典事例》卷269《户部·蠲恤》,上海:上海古籍出版社1995年版,第295-296页。
(14)嘉庆《黟县志》卷11《政事志》,同治十年刻本,第46b页。
(15)乾隆《潜山县志》卷2《民事志·院局》,乾隆四十六年刻本,第36a页。
(16)光绪《寿州志》卷4《营建志》,光绪十六年活字本,第26a页。
(17)卫哲治:《清厘孤贫积弊情由》,台北故宫博物院藏,档案号:005347。
(18)佚名:《撞溺老妇》,《申报》1879年8月13日第2版。
(1)《世祖章皇帝实录》卷41“顺治五年十一月”,《清实录》三,北京:中华书局1985年版,第330页。
(2)乾隆《潜山县志》卷2《民事志·院局》,乾隆四十六年刻本,第36a页。
(3)光绪《广德州志》卷6《公署》,光緒七年刻本,第20b-21a页。
(4)同治《颍上县志》卷2《建置志》,光绪四年刻本,第9b页。
(5)嘉庆《黟县志》卷11《政事志》,同治十年刻本,第46a页。
(6)乾隆《泗州志》卷2《公署》,清抄本。
(7)光绪《泗虹合志》卷2《公署》,光绪十四年刻本,第7a页。
(8)乾隆《钦定户部则例》卷116《蠲恤》,载《故宫珍本丛刊》,海口:海南出版社2000年版,第264页。
(9)卫哲治:《清厘孤贫积弊情由》,台北故宫博物院藏,档案号:005347。
(10)光绪《钦定大清会典事例》卷269《户部·蠲恤》,上海:上海古籍出版社1995年版,第296-297页。
(11)乾隆《钦定户部则例》卷116《蠲恤》,载《故宫珍本丛刊》,海口:海南出版社2000年版,第264页。
(12)(清)冯煦主修;陈师礼总纂《皖政辑要》卷20《养济》,合肥:黄山书社2005年版,第163页。
(13)光绪《钦定大清会典事例》卷269《户部·蠲恤》,上海:上海古籍出版社1995年版,第295-296页。
(14)嘉庆《黟县志》卷11《政事志》,同治十年刻本,第46b页。
(15)乾隆《潜山县志》卷2《民事志·院局》,乾隆四十六年刻本,第36a页。
(16)光绪《寿州志》卷4《营建志》,光绪十六年活字本,第26a页。
(17)卫哲治:《清厘孤贫积弊情由》,台北故宫博物院藏,档案号:005347。
(18)佚名:《撞溺老妇》,《申报》1879年8月13日第2版。
(1)《世祖章皇帝实录》卷41“顺治五年十一月”,《清实录》三,北京:中华书局1985年版,第330页。