Gaming@Edge:基于边缘节点的低延迟云游戏系统
|
摘要
云游戏作为云计算的"杀手级"应用正在引领游戏运行方式的变革。然而,云端与终端设备之间较大的网络延迟影响了云游戏的用户体验,因此,提出一种基于边缘计算理念,部署在边缘节点之上的低延迟的云游戏框架——Gaming@Edge。为了降低边缘节点的计算负载以提升其并发能力,Gaming@Edge实现了一种基于压缩图形流的云游戏运行机制——GSGOD。GSGOD分离了游戏运行中的逻辑计算和画面渲染,实现了一种边+端的计算融合。此外,GSGOD还通过数据缓存、指令流水处理以及对象状态延迟更新等机制优化了云游戏的网络数据传输和系统延迟。实验结果表明,Gaming@Edge相比传统的云游戏系统能够降低平均74%的网络延迟,并提高4.3倍游戏实例并发能力。
As a "killer" application in cloud computing, cloud gaming is leading the revolution of way of gaming. However, the high latency between the cloud and end devices hurts user experience. Aiming at the problem, a low latency cloud gaming system deployed on edge nodes, called Gaming@Edge, was proposed based on edge computing concept. To reduce the overhead of edge nodes for improving the concurrency, a cloud gaming running mechanism based on compressed graphics streaming, named GSGOD(Graphics Stream based Game-on-Demand), was implemented in Gaming@Edge system. The logic computing and rendering in the game running were separated and a computing fusion of edge nodes and end devices was built by GSGOD. Moreover, the network data transmission and latency were optimized through the mechanisms such as data caching, instruction pipeline processing and lazy object updating in GSGOD. The experimental results show that Gaming@Edge can reduce average network latency by 74% and increase concurrency of game instances by 4.3 times compared to traditional cloud gaming system.
As a "killer" application in cloud computing, cloud gaming is leading the revolution of way of gaming. However, the high latency between the cloud and end devices hurts user experience. Aiming at the problem, a low latency cloud gaming system deployed on edge nodes, called Gaming@Edge, was proposed based on edge computing concept. To reduce the overhead of edge nodes for improving the concurrency, a cloud gaming running mechanism based on compressed graphics streaming, named GSGOD(Graphics Stream based Game-on-Demand), was implemented in Gaming@Edge system. The logic computing and rendering in the game running were separated and a computing fusion of edge nodes and end devices was built by GSGOD. Moreover, the network data transmission and latency were optimized through the mechanisms such as data caching, instruction pipeline processing and lazy object updating in GSGOD. The experimental results show that Gaming@Edge can reduce average network latency by 74% and increase concurrency of game instances by 4.3 times compared to traditional cloud gaming system.
引文
[1] ROSS P E.Cloud computing's killer app:gaming [J].IEEE Spectrum,2009,46(3):14.
[2] CAI W,SHEA R,HUANG C Y,et al.The future of cloud gaming point of view] [J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2016,104(4):687-691.
[3] USMAN M,IQBAL A,KIRAN M.A bandwidth friendly architecture for cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Information Networking.Piscataway,NJ:IEEE,2017:179-184.
[4] SHEA R,LIU J C,NGAI E C H,et al.Cloud gaming:architecture and performance [J].IEEE Network,2013,27(4):16-21.
[5] DOWTY M,SUGERMAN J.GPU virtualization on VMware's hosted I/O architecture [J].ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review,2009,43(3):73-82.
[6] ZHANG W,LIAO X F,LI P,et al.ShareRender:bypassing GPU virtualization to enable fine-grained resource sharing for cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Multimedia.New York:ACM,2017:324-332.
[7] 施魏松,孙辉,曹杰,等.边缘计算:万物互联时代新型计算模型[J].计算机研究与发展,2017,54(5):907-924.(SHI W S,SUN H,CAO J,et al.Edge computing—an emerging computing model for the Internet of everything era [J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2017,54(5):907-924.)
[8] SHI W S,CAO J,ZHANG Q,et al.Edge computing:vision and challenges [J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal,2016,3(5):637-646.
[9] SATYANARAYANAN M,BAHL V,CACERES R,et al.The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing [J].IEEE Pervasive Computing,2009,8(4):14-23.
[10] LIAO X F,LIN L,TAN G,et al.LiveRender:a cloud gaming system based on compressed graphics streaming [J].IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2016,24(4):2128-2139.
[11] HUANG C Y,HSU C H,CHANG Y C,et al.GamingAnywhere:an open cloud gaming system [C]// Proceedings of the 4th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference.New York:ACM,2013:36-47.
[12] SHI S,HSU C H,NAHRSTEDT K,et al.Using graphics rendering contexts to enhance the real-time video coding for mobile cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimedia.New York:ACM,2011:103-112.
[13] LEE K,CHU D,CUERVO E,et al.Outatime:using speculation to enable low-latency continuous interaction for mobile cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems,Applications,and Services.New York:ACM,2015:151-165.
[14] LIN Y,SHEN H.CloudFog:leveraging fog to extend cloud gaming for thin-client MMOG with high quality of service [J].IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2017,28(2):431-445.
[15] NAVE I,DAVID H,SHANI A,et al.Games@Large graphics streaming architecture [C]// Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics.Piscataway,NJ:IEEE,2008:1-4.
[16] EISERT P,FECHTELER P.Low delay streaming of computer graphics [C]// Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.Piscataway,NJ:IEEE,2008:2704-2707.
[17] JURGELIONIS A,FECHTELER P,EISERT P,et al.Platform for distributed 3D gaming [J].International Journal of Computer Games Technology,2009,2009(1):1-15.
[18] GUBBI J,BUYYA R,MARUSIC S,et al.Internet of Things (IoT):a vision,architectural elements,and future directions [J].Future Generation Computer Systems,2013,29(7):1645-1660.
[19] HU Y C,PATEL M,SABELLA D,et al.Mobile edge computing—a key technology towards 5G [J].ETSI White Paper,2015,11(11):1-16.
[20] 刘小洋,伍民友.车联网:物联网在城市交通网络中的应用[J].计算机应用,2012,32(4):900-904.(LIU X Y,WU M Y.Vehicular CPS:an application of IoT in vehicular networks [J].Journal of Computer Applications,2012,32(4):900-904.)
[21] CHEN T Y,RAVINDRANATH L,DENG S,et al.Glimpse:continuous,real-time object recognition on mobile devices [C]// Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.New York:ACM,2015:155-168.
[22] DINH H T,LEE C,NIYATO D,et al.A survey of mobile cloud computing:architecture,applications,and approaches [J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2013,13(18):1587-1611.
[23] SATYANARAYANAN M,SIMOENS P,XAIO Y,et al.Edge analytics in the Internet of things [J].IEEE Pervasive Computing,2015,14(2):24-31.
[24] CLAYPOOL M,CLAYPOOL K.Latency and player actions in online games [J].Communications of the ACM,2006,49(11):40-45.
[25] CHEN K T,CHANG Y C,TSENG P H,et al.Measuring the latency of cloud gaming systems [C]// Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimedia.New York:ACM,2011:1269-1272.
[2] CAI W,SHEA R,HUANG C Y,et al.The future of cloud gaming point of view] [J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2016,104(4):687-691.
[3] USMAN M,IQBAL A,KIRAN M.A bandwidth friendly architecture for cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Information Networking.Piscataway,NJ:IEEE,2017:179-184.
[4] SHEA R,LIU J C,NGAI E C H,et al.Cloud gaming:architecture and performance [J].IEEE Network,2013,27(4):16-21.
[5] DOWTY M,SUGERMAN J.GPU virtualization on VMware's hosted I/O architecture [J].ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review,2009,43(3):73-82.
[6] ZHANG W,LIAO X F,LI P,et al.ShareRender:bypassing GPU virtualization to enable fine-grained resource sharing for cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Multimedia.New York:ACM,2017:324-332.
[7] 施魏松,孙辉,曹杰,等.边缘计算:万物互联时代新型计算模型[J].计算机研究与发展,2017,54(5):907-924.(SHI W S,SUN H,CAO J,et al.Edge computing—an emerging computing model for the Internet of everything era [J].Journal of Computer Research and Development,2017,54(5):907-924.)
[8] SHI W S,CAO J,ZHANG Q,et al.Edge computing:vision and challenges [J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal,2016,3(5):637-646.
[9] SATYANARAYANAN M,BAHL V,CACERES R,et al.The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing [J].IEEE Pervasive Computing,2009,8(4):14-23.
[10] LIAO X F,LIN L,TAN G,et al.LiveRender:a cloud gaming system based on compressed graphics streaming [J].IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2016,24(4):2128-2139.
[11] HUANG C Y,HSU C H,CHANG Y C,et al.GamingAnywhere:an open cloud gaming system [C]// Proceedings of the 4th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference.New York:ACM,2013:36-47.
[12] SHI S,HSU C H,NAHRSTEDT K,et al.Using graphics rendering contexts to enhance the real-time video coding for mobile cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimedia.New York:ACM,2011:103-112.
[13] LEE K,CHU D,CUERVO E,et al.Outatime:using speculation to enable low-latency continuous interaction for mobile cloud gaming [C]// Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems,Applications,and Services.New York:ACM,2015:151-165.
[14] LIN Y,SHEN H.CloudFog:leveraging fog to extend cloud gaming for thin-client MMOG with high quality of service [J].IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2017,28(2):431-445.
[15] NAVE I,DAVID H,SHANI A,et al.Games@Large graphics streaming architecture [C]// Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics.Piscataway,NJ:IEEE,2008:1-4.
[16] EISERT P,FECHTELER P.Low delay streaming of computer graphics [C]// Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.Piscataway,NJ:IEEE,2008:2704-2707.
[17] JURGELIONIS A,FECHTELER P,EISERT P,et al.Platform for distributed 3D gaming [J].International Journal of Computer Games Technology,2009,2009(1):1-15.
[18] GUBBI J,BUYYA R,MARUSIC S,et al.Internet of Things (IoT):a vision,architectural elements,and future directions [J].Future Generation Computer Systems,2013,29(7):1645-1660.
[19] HU Y C,PATEL M,SABELLA D,et al.Mobile edge computing—a key technology towards 5G [J].ETSI White Paper,2015,11(11):1-16.
[20] 刘小洋,伍民友.车联网:物联网在城市交通网络中的应用[J].计算机应用,2012,32(4):900-904.(LIU X Y,WU M Y.Vehicular CPS:an application of IoT in vehicular networks [J].Journal of Computer Applications,2012,32(4):900-904.)
[21] CHEN T Y,RAVINDRANATH L,DENG S,et al.Glimpse:continuous,real-time object recognition on mobile devices [C]// Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.New York:ACM,2015:155-168.
[22] DINH H T,LEE C,NIYATO D,et al.A survey of mobile cloud computing:architecture,applications,and approaches [J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2013,13(18):1587-1611.
[23] SATYANARAYANAN M,SIMOENS P,XAIO Y,et al.Edge analytics in the Internet of things [J].IEEE Pervasive Computing,2015,14(2):24-31.
[24] CLAYPOOL M,CLAYPOOL K.Latency and player actions in online games [J].Communications of the ACM,2006,49(11):40-45.
[25] CHEN K T,CHANG Y C,TSENG P H,et al.Measuring the latency of cloud gaming systems [C]// Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimedia.New York:ACM,2011:1269-1272.