华北地区夏季降水日变化的时空分布特征
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摘要
利用2008~2014年间全国自动站观测降水和CMORPH[CPC(Climate Prediction Center)morphing technique]卫星反演降水资料融合而成的0.1°×0.1°小时降水产品揭示了华北夏季降水的日变化特征,发现华北多数地区夏季降水量和降水频率日变化呈现出明显的双峰特征且存在明显的区域性差异。在太行山以西地区,降水量和降水频率的日峰值出现在傍晚18:00左右(北京时),规律性最强;而在太行山以东的平原和沿海地区,日峰值一般出现在上午。研究不同持续时间降水对总降水的贡献发现短时降水对傍晚的降水日峰值贡献较大,而长时降水则对凌晨的峰值影响更大。分析不同强度降水对总降水量的贡献结果表明,0.1~10 mm h~(-1)强度降水较其它强度降水对夏季华北地区总降水量贡献更大,随着降水强度的增加降水量日变化的峰值个数增加。
Based on the merged hourly precipitation product at 0.1° resolution in China during 2008–2014,the diurnal variation of precipitation over North China in the summer has been revealed in this study.The precipitation data is derived from hourly precipitation observed at automatic weather stations(AWS) in China and retrievals from CMORPH [CPC(Climate Prediction Center) morphing technique] satellite data.The results show that the diurnal cycles of precipitation amount and precipitation frequency over northern China in the summer have two peaks that occur in the early morning and late afternoon,respectively.Diurnal variations of precipitation over various regions with different terrains differ from each other.The diurnal cycles of precipitation amount and precipitation frequency have a single peak(two diurnal peaks) over the mountainous areas in northern Hebei and the northern part of the North China Plain(other areas).Diurnal peaks of precipitation amount and precipitation frequency both occur around 1800 BT(Beijing time) and display an obvious consistency over the areas to the west of Taihang Mountains.Over the plains and coastal areas in eastern North China,the amplitude of the morning peak is larger than that of the late afternoon peak.Analysis of the contribution of precipitationwith different duration time to the total precipitation indicates that short-duration(long-duration) precipitation has a greater impact on the precipitation peak in late afternoon(morning).The precipitation with the intensity of 0.1–10 mm h~(-1) makes greater contribution to the total precipitation amount compared to that with the intensity over 10 mm h~(-1).The number of diurnal peaks increases with the increase in precipitation intensity.
Based on the merged hourly precipitation product at 0.1° resolution in China during 2008–2014,the diurnal variation of precipitation over North China in the summer has been revealed in this study.The precipitation data is derived from hourly precipitation observed at automatic weather stations(AWS) in China and retrievals from CMORPH [CPC(Climate Prediction Center) morphing technique] satellite data.The results show that the diurnal cycles of precipitation amount and precipitation frequency over northern China in the summer have two peaks that occur in the early morning and late afternoon,respectively.Diurnal variations of precipitation over various regions with different terrains differ from each other.The diurnal cycles of precipitation amount and precipitation frequency have a single peak(two diurnal peaks) over the mountainous areas in northern Hebei and the northern part of the North China Plain(other areas).Diurnal peaks of precipitation amount and precipitation frequency both occur around 1800 BT(Beijing time) and display an obvious consistency over the areas to the west of Taihang Mountains.Over the plains and coastal areas in eastern North China,the amplitude of the morning peak is larger than that of the late afternoon peak.Analysis of the contribution of precipitationwith different duration time to the total precipitation indicates that short-duration(long-duration) precipitation has a greater impact on the precipitation peak in late afternoon(morning).The precipitation with the intensity of 0.1–10 mm h~(-1) makes greater contribution to the total precipitation amount compared to that with the intensity over 10 mm h~(-1).The number of diurnal peaks increases with the increase in precipitation intensity.
引文
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Qian J H,Robertson A W,Moron V.2010.Interactions among ENSO,the monsoon,and diurnal cycle in rainfall variability over Java,Indonesia[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,67(11):3509-3524,doi:10.1175/2010JAS3348.1.
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沈艳,潘旸,宇婧婧,等.2013.中国区域小时降水量融合产品的质量评估[J].大气科学学报,36(1):37-46.Shen Yan,Pan Yang,Yu Jingjing,et al.2013.Quality assessment of hourly merged precipitation product over China[J].Trans.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),36(1):37-46,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2013.01.005.
Shen Y,Zhao P,Pan Y,et al.2014.A high spatiotemporal gauge-satellite merged precipitation analysis over China[J].J.Geophys.Res.,119(6):3063-3075,doi:10.1002/2013JD020686.
Sorooshian S,Gao X,Hsu K,et al.2002.Diurnal variability of tropical rainfall retrieved from combined GOES and TRMM satellite information[J].J.Climate,15(9):983-1001,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0983:DVOTRR>2.0.CO;2.
Sun J H,Zhang F Q.2012.Impacts of mountain-plains solenoid on diurnal variations of rainfalls along the Mei-yu front over the East China plains[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,140(2):379-397,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00041.1.
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Wang C C,Chen G T J,Carbone R E.2004.A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over East Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,132(7):1606-1629,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1606:ACOWCP>2.0.CO;2.
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Yin S Q,Li W J,Chen D L,et al.2011.Diurnal variations of summer precipitation in the Beijing area and the possible effect of topography and urbanization[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28(4):725-734,doi:10.1007/s00376-010-9240-y.
Yu R C,Zhou T J,Xiong A Y,et al.2007a.Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,34(1):223-234,doi:10.1029/2006GL028129.
Yu R C,Xu Y P,Zhou T J,et al.2007b.Relation between rainfall duration and diurnal variation in the warm season precipitation over central eastern China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,34(13),doi:10.1029/2007GL030315:173-180.
Yu R C,Li J.2012.Hourly rainfall changes in response to surface air temperature over eastern contiguous China[J].J.Climate,25(19):6851-6861,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00656.1.
宇婧婧,沈艳,潘旸,等.2013.概率密度匹配法对中国区域卫星降水资料的改进[J].应用气象学报,24(5):544-553.Yu Jingjing,Shen Yan,Pan Yang,et al.2013.Improvement of satellite-based precipitation estimates over China based on probability density function matching method[J].J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.(in Chinese),24(5):544-553,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2013.05.004.
原韦华,宇如聪,傅云飞.2014.中国东部夏季持续性降水日变化在淮河南北的差异分析[J].地球物理学报,57(3):752-759.Yuan Weihua,Yu Rucong,Fu Yunfei.2014.Study of different diurnal variations of summer long-duration rainfall between the southern and northern parts of the Huaihe River[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),57(3):752-759,doi:10.6038/cjg20140306.
Zhang G J.2003.Roles of tropospheric and boundary layer forcing in the diurnal cycle of convection in the U.S.southern great plains[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,30(24),doi:10.1029/2003GL018554.
张庆云.1999.1880年以来华北降水及水资源的变化[J].高原气象,18(4):486-495.Zhang Qingyun.1999.The variations of the precipitation and water resources in North China since 1880[J].Plateau Meteor.(in Chinese),18(4):486-495,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.1999.04.003.
Zhou T J,Yu R C,Chen H M,et al.2008.Summer precipitation frequency,intensity,and diurnal cycle over China:A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations[J].J.Climate,21(16):3997-4010,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2028.1.
Zhuo H,Zhao P,Zhou T J.2013.Diurnal cycle of summer rainfall in Shandong of eastern China[J].Int.J.Climatol.,34(3):742-750,doi:10.1002/joc.3718.
Chakraborty A,Krishnamurti T N.2008.Improved forecasts of the diurnal cycle in the Tropics using multiple global models.Part II:Asian summer monsoon[J].J.Climate,21(16):4045-4067,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2107.1.
Chen G X,Sha W M,Iwasaki T.2009a.Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China:Spatial distribution and its seasonality[J].J.Geophys.Res.,114(D13),doi:10.1029/2008JD011103.
Chen G X,Sha W M,Iwasaki T.2009b.Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China:2.Impact of the diurnal monsoon variability[J].J.Geophys.Res.,114(D21),doi:10.1029/2009JD012181.
Chen H M,Yu R C,Li J,et al.2010.Why nocturnal long-duration rainfall presents an eastward-delayed diurnal phase of rainfall down the Yangtze River valley[J].J.Climate,23(4):905-917,doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3187.1.
Dai A G,Wang J H.1999.Diurnal and semidiurnal tides in global surface pressure fields[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,56(22):3874-3891,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3874:DASTIG>2.0.CO;2.
Dai A G,Giorgi F,Trenberth K E.1999a.Observed and model-simulated diurnal cycles of precipitation over the contiguous United States[J].J.Geophys.Res.,104(D6):6377-6402,doi:10.1029/98JD02720.
Dai A G,Trenberth K E,Karl T R.1999b.Effects of clouds,soil moisture,precipitation,and water vapor on diurnal temperature range[J].J.Climate,12(8):2451-2473,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2451:EOCSMP>2.0.CO;2.
Dai A G,Trenberth K E.2004.The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the community climate system model[J].J.Climate,17(5):930-951,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0930:TDCAID>2.0.CO;2.
Dai A G,Lin X,Hsu K L.2007.The frequency,intensity,and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low-and mid-latitudes[J].Climate Dyn.,29(7-8):727-744,doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0260-y.
He H Z,Zhang F Q.2010.Diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation over northern China[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,138(4):1017-1025,doi:10.1175/2010MWR3356.1.
Joyce R J,Janowiak J E,Arkin P A,et al.2004.CMORPH:A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution[J].J.Hydrometeorol.,5(3):487-503,doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2.
Kishtawal C M,Krishnamurti T N.2001.Diurnal variation of summer rainfall over Taiwan and its detection using TRMM observations[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,40(3):331-344,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0331:DVOSRO>2.0.CO;2.
Liang X Z,Li L,Dai A G,et al.2004.Regional climate model simulation of summer precipitation diurnal cycle over the United States[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(24),doi:10.1029/2004GL021054.
Lin X,Randall D A,Fowler L D.2000.Diurnal variability of the hydrologic cycle and radiative fluxes:Comparisons between observations and a GCM[J].J.Climate,13(23):4159-4179,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4159:DVOTHC>2.0.CO;2.
Mao J Y,Wu G X.2012.Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over the Asian monsoon region as revealed by TRMM satellite data[J].Sci.China Earth Sci.,55(4):554-566,doi:10.1007/s11430-011-4315-x.
Nesbitt S W,Zipser E J.2003.The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements[J].J.Climate,16(10):1456-1475,doi:10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1456.
Oki T,Musiake K.1994.Seasonal change of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over Japan and Malaysia[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,33(12):1445-1463,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<1445:SCOTDC>2.0.CO;2.
潘旸,沈艳,宇婧婧,等.2012.基于最优插值方法分析的中国区域地面观测与卫星反演逐时降水融合试验[J].气象学报,70(6):1381-1389.Pan Yang,Shen Yan,Yu Jingjing,et al.2012.Analysis of the combined gauge-satellite hourly precipitation over China based on the OI technique[J].Acta Meteor.Sinica(in Chinese),70(6):1381-1389,doi:10.11676/qxxb2012.116.
Qian J H.2008.Why precipitation is mostly concentrated over islands in the Maritime Continent[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,65(4):1428-1441,doi:10.1175/2007JAS2422.1.
Qian J H,Robertson A W,Moron V.2010.Interactions among ENSO,the monsoon,and diurnal cycle in rainfall variability over Java,Indonesia[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,67(11):3509-3524,doi:10.1175/2010JAS3348.1.
Qian T T,Dai A G,Trenberth K E,et al.2006.Simulation of global land surface conditions from 1948 to 2004.Part I:Forcing data and evaluations[J].J.Hydrometeorol.,7(5):953-975,doi:10.1175/JHM540.1.
Reiter E R,Tang M C.1984.Plateau effects on diurnal circulation patterns[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,112(4):638-651,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0638:PEODCP>2.0.CO;2.
Saito K,Keenan T,Holland G,et al.2001.Numerical simulation of the diurnal evolution of Tropical Island convection over the Maritime Continent[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,129(3):378-400,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0378:NSOTDE>2.0.CO;2.
沈艳,潘旸,宇婧婧,等.2013.中国区域小时降水量融合产品的质量评估[J].大气科学学报,36(1):37-46.Shen Yan,Pan Yang,Yu Jingjing,et al.2013.Quality assessment of hourly merged precipitation product over China[J].Trans.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),36(1):37-46,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2013.01.005.
Shen Y,Zhao P,Pan Y,et al.2014.A high spatiotemporal gauge-satellite merged precipitation analysis over China[J].J.Geophys.Res.,119(6):3063-3075,doi:10.1002/2013JD020686.
Sorooshian S,Gao X,Hsu K,et al.2002.Diurnal variability of tropical rainfall retrieved from combined GOES and TRMM satellite information[J].J.Climate,15(9):983-1001,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0983:DVOTRR>2.0.CO;2.
Sun J H,Zhang F Q.2012.Impacts of mountain-plains solenoid on diurnal variations of rainfalls along the Mei-yu front over the East China plains[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,140(2):379-397,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00041.1.
Wallace J M.1975.Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,103(5):406-419,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0406:DVIPAT>2.0.CO;2.
Wang C C,Chen G T J,Carbone R E.2004.A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over East Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,132(7):1606-1629,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1606:ACOWCP>2.0.CO;2.
Williams M,Houze R A.1987.Satellite-observed characteristics of winter monsoon cloud clusters[J].Mon.Wea.Rev,115(2):505-519,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<0505:SOCOWM>2.0.CO;2.
Wu P M,Hamada J I,Mori S,et al.2003.Diurnal variation of precipitable water over a mountainous area of Sumatra Island[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,42(8):1107-1115,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1107:DVOPWO>2.0.CO;2.
Yin S Q,Li W J,Chen D L,et al.2011.Diurnal variations of summer precipitation in the Beijing area and the possible effect of topography and urbanization[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28(4):725-734,doi:10.1007/s00376-010-9240-y.
Yu R C,Zhou T J,Xiong A Y,et al.2007a.Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,34(1):223-234,doi:10.1029/2006GL028129.
Yu R C,Xu Y P,Zhou T J,et al.2007b.Relation between rainfall duration and diurnal variation in the warm season precipitation over central eastern China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,34(13),doi:10.1029/2007GL030315:173-180.
Yu R C,Li J.2012.Hourly rainfall changes in response to surface air temperature over eastern contiguous China[J].J.Climate,25(19):6851-6861,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00656.1.
宇婧婧,沈艳,潘旸,等.2013.概率密度匹配法对中国区域卫星降水资料的改进[J].应用气象学报,24(5):544-553.Yu Jingjing,Shen Yan,Pan Yang,et al.2013.Improvement of satellite-based precipitation estimates over China based on probability density function matching method[J].J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.(in Chinese),24(5):544-553,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2013.05.004.
原韦华,宇如聪,傅云飞.2014.中国东部夏季持续性降水日变化在淮河南北的差异分析[J].地球物理学报,57(3):752-759.Yuan Weihua,Yu Rucong,Fu Yunfei.2014.Study of different diurnal variations of summer long-duration rainfall between the southern and northern parts of the Huaihe River[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),57(3):752-759,doi:10.6038/cjg20140306.
Zhang G J.2003.Roles of tropospheric and boundary layer forcing in the diurnal cycle of convection in the U.S.southern great plains[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,30(24),doi:10.1029/2003GL018554.
张庆云.1999.1880年以来华北降水及水资源的变化[J].高原气象,18(4):486-495.Zhang Qingyun.1999.The variations of the precipitation and water resources in North China since 1880[J].Plateau Meteor.(in Chinese),18(4):486-495,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.1999.04.003.
Zhou T J,Yu R C,Chen H M,et al.2008.Summer precipitation frequency,intensity,and diurnal cycle over China:A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations[J].J.Climate,21(16):3997-4010,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2028.1.
Zhuo H,Zhao P,Zhou T J.2013.Diurnal cycle of summer rainfall in Shandong of eastern China[J].Int.J.Climatol.,34(3):742-750,doi:10.1002/joc.3718.