离心匀肥罩式水稻地表变量撒肥机设计与试验
|
摘要
为实现水稻生长周期内区域性实时变量施肥,提高机械化施肥作业效率和肥料利用率,结合水稻施肥农艺特点和近地光谱技术,设计了一种基于传感器的双圆盘离心匀肥罩式水稻地表变量施肥机。对光谱检测装置、决策控制系统、变量执行机构等关键部件进行设计,搭建基于STM32F103核心控制器的反馈系统,结合专家施肥策略响应目标施肥量。以闸口排肥流量A、撒肥圆盘转速B、整机行进速度C为影响因素,颗粒分布变异系数Cv和施肥量相对误差γ为评价指标,设计三因素三水平撒肥性能正交试验。性能试验结果表明:在目标作业幅宽内(24 m),影响Cv主次因素为A、B、C,影响γ主次因素为B、A、C,综合选择较优的工作参数因素水平组合为:A2B2C2,即排肥流量300 g/s,圆盘转速600 r/min,整机行进速度1.2 m/s时,Cv=13.82%,γ=9.54%,整机撒肥性能最优。田间试验结果表明:与性能试验相比,Cv误差均值为9.19%,γ误差均值为9.25%。研究结果表明离心式变量施肥机满足撒肥均匀性和施肥量准确性要求,提高了离心式变量施肥机撒肥性能,为圆盘式撒肥机传统的经验式施肥提供了理论基础。
As the requirement advances for improving the working efficiency of mechanized application and the utilization rate of fertilizer,a variable-rate fertilizer spreader with centrifugal distribution cover for rice paddy surface fertilization based on the spectral sensor( Green SeekerTM) was developed to implement regional real-time variable-rate fertilization during rice growth period combining with the agronomic characteristics of rice fertilizer and near-earth spectroscopy. Spectrum detection device,decision-making and control system,variable-rate actuator and some other key techniques were designed,feedback system based on core controller STM32 F103 was set up,and target application rate was responded united with expert fertilization strategy. Three-factor and three-level orthogonal performance test was carried out with setting feed gate flow rate A,disc rotational speed B and machine ground speed C as the influence factors,particle distribution coefficient of variation Cvand relative error of application rate γ as the evaluation index. By the orthogonal test,it can be known that the importance order of the factors which affected the Cvwas A,B and C,and that affected the γ was B,A and C in the target spreading swath width, the comprehensive choice optimum combination of working parameters was A2 B2 C2,with q = 300 g/s,n = 600 r/min,v1= 1. 2 m/s,and Cv= 13. 82%,and γ = 9. 54%,the fertilizer spreader reached the best working performance. Field tests under optimum combination showed that the average error of Cvand γ was 9. 19% and 9. 25%,respectively,compared with performancetest. The performance of the developed variable-rate fertilizer spreader with centrifugal distribution cover was perfect and satisfied the requirement of uniformity of fertilizer and accuracy of application,which improved the performance of the centrifugal variable-rate fertilizer applicator,and it can provide certain theoretical basis for the traditional empirical fertilization.
As the requirement advances for improving the working efficiency of mechanized application and the utilization rate of fertilizer,a variable-rate fertilizer spreader with centrifugal distribution cover for rice paddy surface fertilization based on the spectral sensor( Green SeekerTM) was developed to implement regional real-time variable-rate fertilization during rice growth period combining with the agronomic characteristics of rice fertilizer and near-earth spectroscopy. Spectrum detection device,decision-making and control system,variable-rate actuator and some other key techniques were designed,feedback system based on core controller STM32 F103 was set up,and target application rate was responded united with expert fertilization strategy. Three-factor and three-level orthogonal performance test was carried out with setting feed gate flow rate A,disc rotational speed B and machine ground speed C as the influence factors,particle distribution coefficient of variation Cvand relative error of application rate γ as the evaluation index. By the orthogonal test,it can be known that the importance order of the factors which affected the Cvwas A,B and C,and that affected the γ was B,A and C in the target spreading swath width, the comprehensive choice optimum combination of working parameters was A2 B2 C2,with q = 300 g/s,n = 600 r/min,v1= 1. 2 m/s,and Cv= 13. 82%,and γ = 9. 54%,the fertilizer spreader reached the best working performance. Field tests under optimum combination showed that the average error of Cvand γ was 9. 19% and 9. 25%,respectively,compared with performancetest. The performance of the developed variable-rate fertilizer spreader with centrifugal distribution cover was perfect and satisfied the requirement of uniformity of fertilizer and accuracy of application,which improved the performance of the centrifugal variable-rate fertilizer applicator,and it can provide certain theoretical basis for the traditional empirical fertilization.
引文
1贺志远,朱艳,李艳大,等.中国南方双季稻氮营养指数及产量估算模型研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2017,40(1):11-19.HE Zhiyuan,ZHU Yan,LI Yanda,et al.Study on estimation model for nitrogen nutrition index and yield on double cropping rice in southern China[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2017,40(1):11-19.(in Chinese)
2 左兴健,武广伟,付卫强,等.风送式水稻侧深精准施肥装置的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):14-21.ZUO Xingjian,WU Guangwei,FU Weiqiang,et al.Design and experiment on air-blast rice side deep precision fertilization device[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(3):14-21.(in Chinese)
3 MIYOKO W,TOMOKO Y,KAZUYOSHI S,et al.Distribution of anammox bacteria in a free-water-surface constructed wetland with wild rice(Zizania latifolia)[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,81:165-172.
4 张银平,杜瑞成,刁培松,等.正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):7-13.ZHANG Yinping,DU Ruicheng,DIAO Peisong,et al.Design and experiment of wide band seeding rice seeder with reversed stubble cleaning and-anti-blocking[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(3):7-13.(in Chinese)
5 马晓蕾,范广博,李永玉,等.精准施肥决策模型与数据库系统[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(5):193-197.MA Xiaolei,FAN Guangbo,LI Yongyu,et al.Establishment of precision fertilization decision-making model and database system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(5):193-197.(in Chinese)
6 郎春玲,王金武,王金峰,等.深施型液态肥变量施肥控制系统[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(2):43-47.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130209&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.02.009.LANG Chunling,WANG Jinwu,WANG Jinfeng,et al.Variable fertilizer control system for deep-fertilization liquid fertilizer applicator[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(2):43-47.(in Chinese)
7 VILLETTE S,COINTAULT F,PIRON E,et al.Centrifugal spreading:an analytical model for the motion of fertiliser particles on a spinning disc[J].Biosystems Engineering,2005,92(2):157-164.
8 LIEDEKERKE P V.Study of the granular fertilizers and the centrifugal spreaderusing discrete element method(DEM)simulations[D].Leuven:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,2007.
9 RAVINDER K T.Effect of vane shape and fertilizer product on spread uniformity using a dual-disc spinner spreader[D].Alabama:Auburn University,2014.
10 FULTON J P,SHEARER S A,HIGGINS S F,et al.Performance assessment and model development of a variable-rate,spinnerdisc fertilizer applicator[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2001,44(5):1071-1081.
11 OLIESLAGERS R,RAMON H,BAERDEMAEKER J D.Calculation of fertilizer distribution patterns from a spinning disc spreader by means of a simulation model[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1996,63(2):137-152.
12 CAMPBELL C M,FULTON J P,MCDONALD T P,et al.Spinner-disc technology to enhance the application of poultry litter[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2010,26(5):759-767.
13 COETZEE C J,LOMBARD S G.Discrete element method modelling of a centrifugal fertiliser spreader[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,109(4):308-325.
14 张睿,王秀,周建军,等.肥料抛撒机抛撒系统幅宽控制技术[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(增刊):39-43.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=2012s08&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.S0.008.ZHANG Rui,WANG Xiu,ZHOU Jianjun,et al.Breadth control of scatter system for fertilizer spreader[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(Supp.):39-43.(in Chinese)
15 董向前,宋建农,张军奎,等.锥盘式颗粒肥撒施机构抛撒性能分析与试验[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(19):33-40.DONG Xiangqian,SONG Jiannong,ZHANG Junkui,et al.Working performance and experiment on granular fertilizer spreader with cone disk[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(19):33-40.(in Chinese)
16 张睿,王秀,赵春江,等.链条输送式变量施肥抛撒机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):20-25.ZHANG Rui,WANG Xiu,ZHAO Chunjiang,et al.Design and experiment of variable rate fertilizer spreader with conveyor chain[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(6):20-25.(in Chinese)
17 陈书法,张石平,孙星钊,等.水田高地隙自走式变量撒肥机设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):16-21.CHEN Shufa,ZHANG Shiping,SUN Xingzhao,et al.Design and experiment of self-propelled high-ground-clearance spreader for paddy variable-rate fertilization[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(11):16-21.(in Chinese)
18 吕金庆,尚琴琴,杨颖,等.锥盘式撒肥装置的性能分析与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):16-24.LJinqing,SHANG Qinqin,YANG Ying,et al.Performance analysis and experiment on granular fertilizer spreader with cone disc[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(11):16-24.(in Chinese)
19 胡永光,杨叶成,肖宏儒,等.茶园施肥机离心撒肥过程仿真与参数优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(5):77-82.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160511&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.05.011.HU Yongguang,YANG Yecheng,XIAO Hongru,et al.Simulation and parameter optimization of centrifugal fertilizer spreader for tea plants[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(5):77-82.(in Chinese)
20 施印炎,陈满,汪小旵,等.稻麦精准变量施肥机排肥性能分析与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):97-103.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20170712&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.07.012.SHI Yinyan,CHEN Man,WANG Xiaochan,et al.Analysis and experiment of fertilizing performance for precision fertilizer applicator in rice and wheat[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(7):97-103.(in Chinese)
21 陈满,施印炎,汪小旵,等.冬小麦精准追肥机专家决策系统[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):17-22.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150703&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.07.003.CHEN Man,SHI Yinyan,WANG Xiaochan,et al.Expert decision system of variable nitrogen application in winter wheat[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):17-22.(in Chinese)
22 耿其东,方志国.偏置式曲柄滑块机构仿真与运动分析[J].机械工程与自动化,2011,166(3):49-51.GENG Qidong,FANG Zhiguo.Simulation and kinetic characteristic analysis of deflection slider-crank mechanism[J].Mechanical Engineering and Automation,2011,166(3):49-51.(in Chinese)
23 付乾坤,荐世春,贾洪雷,等.玉米灭茬起垄施肥播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(4):9-16.FU Qiankun,JIAN Shichun,JIA Honglei,et al.Design and experiment on maize stubble cleaning fertilization ridging seeder[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(4):9-16.(in Chinese)
24 NY/T1003—2006施肥机械质量评价技术规范[S].2006.
2 左兴健,武广伟,付卫强,等.风送式水稻侧深精准施肥装置的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):14-21.ZUO Xingjian,WU Guangwei,FU Weiqiang,et al.Design and experiment on air-blast rice side deep precision fertilization device[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(3):14-21.(in Chinese)
3 MIYOKO W,TOMOKO Y,KAZUYOSHI S,et al.Distribution of anammox bacteria in a free-water-surface constructed wetland with wild rice(Zizania latifolia)[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,81:165-172.
4 张银平,杜瑞成,刁培松,等.正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):7-13.ZHANG Yinping,DU Ruicheng,DIAO Peisong,et al.Design and experiment of wide band seeding rice seeder with reversed stubble cleaning and-anti-blocking[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(3):7-13.(in Chinese)
5 马晓蕾,范广博,李永玉,等.精准施肥决策模型与数据库系统[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(5):193-197.MA Xiaolei,FAN Guangbo,LI Yongyu,et al.Establishment of precision fertilization decision-making model and database system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(5):193-197.(in Chinese)
6 郎春玲,王金武,王金峰,等.深施型液态肥变量施肥控制系统[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(2):43-47.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130209&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.02.009.LANG Chunling,WANG Jinwu,WANG Jinfeng,et al.Variable fertilizer control system for deep-fertilization liquid fertilizer applicator[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(2):43-47.(in Chinese)
7 VILLETTE S,COINTAULT F,PIRON E,et al.Centrifugal spreading:an analytical model for the motion of fertiliser particles on a spinning disc[J].Biosystems Engineering,2005,92(2):157-164.
8 LIEDEKERKE P V.Study of the granular fertilizers and the centrifugal spreaderusing discrete element method(DEM)simulations[D].Leuven:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,2007.
9 RAVINDER K T.Effect of vane shape and fertilizer product on spread uniformity using a dual-disc spinner spreader[D].Alabama:Auburn University,2014.
10 FULTON J P,SHEARER S A,HIGGINS S F,et al.Performance assessment and model development of a variable-rate,spinnerdisc fertilizer applicator[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2001,44(5):1071-1081.
11 OLIESLAGERS R,RAMON H,BAERDEMAEKER J D.Calculation of fertilizer distribution patterns from a spinning disc spreader by means of a simulation model[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1996,63(2):137-152.
12 CAMPBELL C M,FULTON J P,MCDONALD T P,et al.Spinner-disc technology to enhance the application of poultry litter[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2010,26(5):759-767.
13 COETZEE C J,LOMBARD S G.Discrete element method modelling of a centrifugal fertiliser spreader[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,109(4):308-325.
14 张睿,王秀,周建军,等.肥料抛撒机抛撒系统幅宽控制技术[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(增刊):39-43.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=2012s08&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.S0.008.ZHANG Rui,WANG Xiu,ZHOU Jianjun,et al.Breadth control of scatter system for fertilizer spreader[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(Supp.):39-43.(in Chinese)
15 董向前,宋建农,张军奎,等.锥盘式颗粒肥撒施机构抛撒性能分析与试验[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(19):33-40.DONG Xiangqian,SONG Jiannong,ZHANG Junkui,et al.Working performance and experiment on granular fertilizer spreader with cone disk[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(19):33-40.(in Chinese)
16 张睿,王秀,赵春江,等.链条输送式变量施肥抛撒机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):20-25.ZHANG Rui,WANG Xiu,ZHAO Chunjiang,et al.Design and experiment of variable rate fertilizer spreader with conveyor chain[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(6):20-25.(in Chinese)
17 陈书法,张石平,孙星钊,等.水田高地隙自走式变量撒肥机设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):16-21.CHEN Shufa,ZHANG Shiping,SUN Xingzhao,et al.Design and experiment of self-propelled high-ground-clearance spreader for paddy variable-rate fertilization[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(11):16-21.(in Chinese)
18 吕金庆,尚琴琴,杨颖,等.锥盘式撒肥装置的性能分析与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):16-24.LJinqing,SHANG Qinqin,YANG Ying,et al.Performance analysis and experiment on granular fertilizer spreader with cone disc[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(11):16-24.(in Chinese)
19 胡永光,杨叶成,肖宏儒,等.茶园施肥机离心撒肥过程仿真与参数优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(5):77-82.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160511&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.05.011.HU Yongguang,YANG Yecheng,XIAO Hongru,et al.Simulation and parameter optimization of centrifugal fertilizer spreader for tea plants[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(5):77-82.(in Chinese)
20 施印炎,陈满,汪小旵,等.稻麦精准变量施肥机排肥性能分析与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):97-103.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20170712&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.07.012.SHI Yinyan,CHEN Man,WANG Xiaochan,et al.Analysis and experiment of fertilizing performance for precision fertilizer applicator in rice and wheat[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(7):97-103.(in Chinese)
21 陈满,施印炎,汪小旵,等.冬小麦精准追肥机专家决策系统[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):17-22.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150703&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.07.003.CHEN Man,SHI Yinyan,WANG Xiaochan,et al.Expert decision system of variable nitrogen application in winter wheat[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):17-22.(in Chinese)
22 耿其东,方志国.偏置式曲柄滑块机构仿真与运动分析[J].机械工程与自动化,2011,166(3):49-51.GENG Qidong,FANG Zhiguo.Simulation and kinetic characteristic analysis of deflection slider-crank mechanism[J].Mechanical Engineering and Automation,2011,166(3):49-51.(in Chinese)
23 付乾坤,荐世春,贾洪雷,等.玉米灭茬起垄施肥播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(4):9-16.FU Qiankun,JIAN Shichun,JIA Honglei,et al.Design and experiment on maize stubble cleaning fertilization ridging seeder[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(4):9-16.(in Chinese)
24 NY/T1003—2006施肥机械质量评价技术规范[S].2006.