资助信息对农村学生选择重点大学的影响——基于高校专项计划的随机实地实验研究
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摘要
学生资助是高等教育机会公平的有效保障,现有研究大多集中探讨资助的形式、内容与效果,却少有分析资助本身作为信息在学生选择大学过程中产生的影响。本研究在高校专项计划的实施背景下,对云南某州高三农村学生进行随机实地实验,通过给予有关高校专项计划招考、成本及资助信息的干预,探究该政策对边远、贫困、民族等地区农村学生选择大学的影响与机制。研究发现,招考与资助信息强化了学生学业能力的作用,显著提升那些学业能力强且符合高校专项计划招生条件的农村学生赴省外重点大学就读的意愿,然而成本信息会阻碍家庭经济条件较差学生的赴外就读意愿。在重点中学样本中,学业能力强的学生更愿意赴省外重点大学就读,但不同的信息干预可能改变他们最终的就学选择,只有在资助信息完备的条件下才能保证政策的实施初衷。
Financial aid is an effective guarantee of equal opportunity for higher education.Most existing studies focus on the form,content,and effectiveness of financial aid.Nevertheless,there exist few deep researches concerning about the influences of financial aid as information in the progress of students choosing colleges or universities.Under the background of Key University Special Admission Policy,this paper conducts a randomized field experiment for rural senior students in high schools of a certain state in Yunnan province.Different information interventions about admission,cost and financial aid of the Policy are given to them,in order to find out the effect mechanism of the Policy on the choices for key universities of rural students living in remote,undeveloped and ethnic areas.The paper finds that the admission and financial aid information strengthen the role of student academic ability,and significantly enhance the willingness of rural students with higher academic ability to choose key universities outside the province.However,cost information obstructs students in poor families to go outside.In key high schools,students with higher academic ability are more willing to leave the province,but different information interventions may change their choices.Only when financial aid information is complete can the original intention of the Policy be ensured.
Financial aid is an effective guarantee of equal opportunity for higher education.Most existing studies focus on the form,content,and effectiveness of financial aid.Nevertheless,there exist few deep researches concerning about the influences of financial aid as information in the progress of students choosing colleges or universities.Under the background of Key University Special Admission Policy,this paper conducts a randomized field experiment for rural senior students in high schools of a certain state in Yunnan province.Different information interventions about admission,cost and financial aid of the Policy are given to them,in order to find out the effect mechanism of the Policy on the choices for key universities of rural students living in remote,undeveloped and ethnic areas.The paper finds that the admission and financial aid information strengthen the role of student academic ability,and significantly enhance the willingness of rural students with higher academic ability to choose key universities outside the province.However,cost information obstructs students in poor families to go outside.In key high schools,students with higher academic ability are more willing to leave the province,but different information interventions may change their choices.Only when financial aid information is complete can the original intention of the Policy be ensured.
引文
(1)吴秋翔、崔盛:《农村学生重点大学入学机会的区域差异——基于高校专项计划数据的实证分析》,《中国高教研究》2018年第4期。
(2)黄巨臣:《农村地区教育扶贫政策探究:创新、局限及对策——基于三大专项招生计划的分析》,《贵州社会科学》2017第4期。
(3)余秀兰、白雪:《向农村倾斜的高校专项招生政策:争论、反思与改革》,《高等教育研究》2016年第1期。
(4)崔盛、吴秋翔:《重点高校招收农村学生专项计划的实施成效与政策建议》,《教育发展研究》2018年第3期;李兴洲:《公平正义:教育扶贫的价值追求》,《教育研究》2017年第3期。
(5)张亚群、张智玲:《高考招生向中西部贫困地区倾斜政策透视》,《考试研究》2014年第1期。
(6)胡乐乐:《国家“高考扶贫”政策的“逆向歧视”与纠正》,《福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第4期。
(7)张继平、董泽芳:《优质高等教育入学机会不公平的多向度分析》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2012年第2期。
(8)(33)崔盛、吴秋翔:《家庭经济条件还是学生能力?——信息干预对农村学生选择重点大学的影响研究》,《清华大学教育研究》2018年第2期。
(9)Sewell,W.H.,and V.P.Shah.“Social Class,Parental Encouragement,and Educational Aspirations.”American Journal of Sociology73,no.5(1968):559-572.
(10)Hearn,J.C.“The Relative Roles of Academic,Ascribed,and Socioeconomic Characteristics in College Destinations.”Sociology of Education 57,no.1(1984):22-30.
(11)Hamrick,F.A.,and D.Hossler.“Diverse Information-Gathering Methods in the Postsecondary DecisionMaking Process.”Review of Higher Education 19,no.2(1996):179-198.
(12)Schwarzmueller,E.B.“Prices,Productivity,and Investment:Assessing Financial Strategies in Higher Education.”Journal of College Student Development 39,no.3(1998):310-312.
(13)Cabrera,A.F.,and S.M.L.Nasa.“On the Path to College:Three Critical Tasks Facing Americas Disadvantaged.”Research in Higher Education 42,no.2(2001):119-149.
(14)Hossler,D.,and F.K.Stage.“Family and High School Experience Influences on the Postsecondary Educational Plans of Ninth-Grade Students.”American Educational Research Journal 29,no.2(1992):425-451.
(15)Moogan,Y.J.,B.Steve,and H.Kim.“DecisionMaking Behaviour of Potential Higher Education Students.”Higher Education Quarterly53,no.3(2010):211-228.
(16)Erdmannn,D.G.“An Examination of Factors Influencing Student Choice in the College Selection Process.”Journal of College Admissions,no.100(1983):3-6.
(17)(23)Drewes,T.“How Do Students Choose a University?:An Analysis of Applications to Universities in Ontario,Canada.”Research in Higher Education 47,no.7(2006):781-800.
(18)Manski,C.F.,and D.A.Wise.College Choice in America.Harvard University Press,1983.
(19)John,E.P.S.,M.B.Paulsen,and J.B.Starkey.“The Nexus between College Choice and Persistence.”Research in Higher Education 37,no.2(1996):175-220.
(20)Berkner,L.,and L.Chvez.“Access to Postsecondary Education for the 1992 High School Graduates.”Department of Education National Center for Educational Statistics 10,no.9(1997):672-682;Mcpherson,M.S,and M.O.Schapiro.The Student Aid Game:Meeting Need and Rewarding Talent in American Higher Education.Princeton University Press,1998.
(21)Kane,T.J.“Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry:How Well Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College?.”Nber Working Papers,1995.
(22)Tierney,M.L.“The Impact of Financial Aid on Student Demand for Public/Private Higher Education.”Journal of Higher Education 51,no.5(1980):527-545.
(24)Leslie,L.L.,and P.T.Brinkman.“Student Price Response in Higher Education:The Student Demand Studies.”Journal of Higher Education 58,no.2(1987):181-204.
(25)Glocker,D.“The Effect of Student Aid on the Duration of Study.”Economics of Education Review 30,no.1(2011):177-190.
(26)范先佐:《我国学生资助制度的回顾与反思》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2010年第6期;韩丽丽、李廷洲:《改革开放40年我国高等教育资助体系的回顾与展望》,《中国高教研究》2018年第6期。
(27)鲍威、陈亚晓:《经济资助方式对农村第一代大学生学业发展的影响》,《北京大学教育评论》2015年第2期。
(28)王杰:《高校学费、学生资助信息的拥有对高三学生教育期待的影响》,《教育与经济》2013年第1期。
(29)Banerjee,A.V.,and E.Duflo.“The Experimental Approach to Development Economics.”Annual Review of Economics 1,no.1(2009):151-178.
(30)Duflo,E.,P.Dupas,and M.Kremer.“Peer Effects,Teacher Incentives,and the Impact of Tracking:Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya.”American Economic Review101,no.5(2011):1739-1774.
(31)Angrist,J.,D.Lang,and P.Oreopoulos.“Incentives and Services for College Achievement:Evidence from a Randomized Trial.”American Economic Journal Applied Economics 1,no.1(2007):136-163.
(32)Banerjee,A.V.,et al.“Pitfalls of Participatory Programs:Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Education in India.”American Economic Journal Economic Policy2,no.1(2010):1-30.
(34)由于A县(市)为该州州府所在地,故选择两所高中。
(35)特殊类型招生政策包括免费师范生、国家专项计划(贫困地区定向招生专项计划)、地方专项计划等。
(36)中考成绩、家庭年收入采用单因素方差检验,其余各变量采用卡方检验。
(37)庞圣民:《市场转型、教育分流与中国城乡高等教育机会不平等(1977-2008)兼论重点中学制度是否应该为城乡高等教育机会不平等买单》,《社会》2016年第5期;王威海、顾源:《中国城乡居民的中学教育分流与职业地位获得》,《社会学研究》2012年第4期。
(38)梁晨、李中清、张浩、李兰、阮丹青、康文林、杨善华:《无声的革命:北京大学与苏州大学学生社会来源研究(1952—2002)》,《中国社会科学》2012年第1期。
(2)黄巨臣:《农村地区教育扶贫政策探究:创新、局限及对策——基于三大专项招生计划的分析》,《贵州社会科学》2017第4期。
(3)余秀兰、白雪:《向农村倾斜的高校专项招生政策:争论、反思与改革》,《高等教育研究》2016年第1期。
(4)崔盛、吴秋翔:《重点高校招收农村学生专项计划的实施成效与政策建议》,《教育发展研究》2018年第3期;李兴洲:《公平正义:教育扶贫的价值追求》,《教育研究》2017年第3期。
(5)张亚群、张智玲:《高考招生向中西部贫困地区倾斜政策透视》,《考试研究》2014年第1期。
(6)胡乐乐:《国家“高考扶贫”政策的“逆向歧视”与纠正》,《福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第4期。
(7)张继平、董泽芳:《优质高等教育入学机会不公平的多向度分析》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2012年第2期。
(8)(33)崔盛、吴秋翔:《家庭经济条件还是学生能力?——信息干预对农村学生选择重点大学的影响研究》,《清华大学教育研究》2018年第2期。
(9)Sewell,W.H.,and V.P.Shah.“Social Class,Parental Encouragement,and Educational Aspirations.”American Journal of Sociology73,no.5(1968):559-572.
(10)Hearn,J.C.“The Relative Roles of Academic,Ascribed,and Socioeconomic Characteristics in College Destinations.”Sociology of Education 57,no.1(1984):22-30.
(11)Hamrick,F.A.,and D.Hossler.“Diverse Information-Gathering Methods in the Postsecondary DecisionMaking Process.”Review of Higher Education 19,no.2(1996):179-198.
(12)Schwarzmueller,E.B.“Prices,Productivity,and Investment:Assessing Financial Strategies in Higher Education.”Journal of College Student Development 39,no.3(1998):310-312.
(13)Cabrera,A.F.,and S.M.L.Nasa.“On the Path to College:Three Critical Tasks Facing Americas Disadvantaged.”Research in Higher Education 42,no.2(2001):119-149.
(14)Hossler,D.,and F.K.Stage.“Family and High School Experience Influences on the Postsecondary Educational Plans of Ninth-Grade Students.”American Educational Research Journal 29,no.2(1992):425-451.
(15)Moogan,Y.J.,B.Steve,and H.Kim.“DecisionMaking Behaviour of Potential Higher Education Students.”Higher Education Quarterly53,no.3(2010):211-228.
(16)Erdmannn,D.G.“An Examination of Factors Influencing Student Choice in the College Selection Process.”Journal of College Admissions,no.100(1983):3-6.
(17)(23)Drewes,T.“How Do Students Choose a University?:An Analysis of Applications to Universities in Ontario,Canada.”Research in Higher Education 47,no.7(2006):781-800.
(18)Manski,C.F.,and D.A.Wise.College Choice in America.Harvard University Press,1983.
(19)John,E.P.S.,M.B.Paulsen,and J.B.Starkey.“The Nexus between College Choice and Persistence.”Research in Higher Education 37,no.2(1996):175-220.
(20)Berkner,L.,and L.Chvez.“Access to Postsecondary Education for the 1992 High School Graduates.”Department of Education National Center for Educational Statistics 10,no.9(1997):672-682;Mcpherson,M.S,and M.O.Schapiro.The Student Aid Game:Meeting Need and Rewarding Talent in American Higher Education.Princeton University Press,1998.
(21)Kane,T.J.“Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry:How Well Do Public Subsidies Promote Access to College?.”Nber Working Papers,1995.
(22)Tierney,M.L.“The Impact of Financial Aid on Student Demand for Public/Private Higher Education.”Journal of Higher Education 51,no.5(1980):527-545.
(24)Leslie,L.L.,and P.T.Brinkman.“Student Price Response in Higher Education:The Student Demand Studies.”Journal of Higher Education 58,no.2(1987):181-204.
(25)Glocker,D.“The Effect of Student Aid on the Duration of Study.”Economics of Education Review 30,no.1(2011):177-190.
(26)范先佐:《我国学生资助制度的回顾与反思》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2010年第6期;韩丽丽、李廷洲:《改革开放40年我国高等教育资助体系的回顾与展望》,《中国高教研究》2018年第6期。
(27)鲍威、陈亚晓:《经济资助方式对农村第一代大学生学业发展的影响》,《北京大学教育评论》2015年第2期。
(28)王杰:《高校学费、学生资助信息的拥有对高三学生教育期待的影响》,《教育与经济》2013年第1期。
(29)Banerjee,A.V.,and E.Duflo.“The Experimental Approach to Development Economics.”Annual Review of Economics 1,no.1(2009):151-178.
(30)Duflo,E.,P.Dupas,and M.Kremer.“Peer Effects,Teacher Incentives,and the Impact of Tracking:Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya.”American Economic Review101,no.5(2011):1739-1774.
(31)Angrist,J.,D.Lang,and P.Oreopoulos.“Incentives and Services for College Achievement:Evidence from a Randomized Trial.”American Economic Journal Applied Economics 1,no.1(2007):136-163.
(32)Banerjee,A.V.,et al.“Pitfalls of Participatory Programs:Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Education in India.”American Economic Journal Economic Policy2,no.1(2010):1-30.
(34)由于A县(市)为该州州府所在地,故选择两所高中。
(35)特殊类型招生政策包括免费师范生、国家专项计划(贫困地区定向招生专项计划)、地方专项计划等。
(36)中考成绩、家庭年收入采用单因素方差检验,其余各变量采用卡方检验。
(37)庞圣民:《市场转型、教育分流与中国城乡高等教育机会不平等(1977-2008)兼论重点中学制度是否应该为城乡高等教育机会不平等买单》,《社会》2016年第5期;王威海、顾源:《中国城乡居民的中学教育分流与职业地位获得》,《社会学研究》2012年第4期。
(38)梁晨、李中清、张浩、李兰、阮丹青、康文林、杨善华:《无声的革命:北京大学与苏州大学学生社会来源研究(1952—2002)》,《中国社会科学》2012年第1期。